chap004SupplyandDemand(M-Grow-Hill,微观经济学,王.pptx
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chap004SupplyandDemand(M-Grow-Hill,微观经济学,王.pptx
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SupplyandDemand,Chapter4,LaugherCurve,Q.WhatdoyougetwhenyoucrosstheGodfatherwithaneconomist?
A.Anofferyoucantunderstand.,Demand,Demandmeansthewillingnessandcapacitytopay.,Demand,Pricesarethetoolsbywhichthemarketcoordinatesindividualdesires.,TheLawofDemand,Quantitydemandedrisesaspricefalls,otherthingsconstant.Quantitydemandedfallsaspricesrise,otherthingsconstant.Thus,thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded.,TheLawofDemand,Whataccountsforthelawofdemand?
Peopletendtosubstituteforgoodswhosepricehasgoneup,TheDemandCurve,Thedemandcurveisthegraphicrepresentationofthelawofdemand.Thedemandcurveslopesdownwardandtotheright.Asthepricegoesup,thequantitydemandedgoesdown.,TheDemandCurve,Theslopetellsusthatquantitydemandedvariesindirectlyintheoppositedirectionwithprice.,OtherThingsConstant,Otherthingsconstantmeansthatallotherfactorsthataffecttheanalysisareassumedtoremainconstant,whethertheyactuallyremainconstantornot.Thesefactorsmayincludechangingtastes,pricesofothergoods,eventheweather.,D,A,ASampleDemandCurve,ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurve,Demandreferstoascheduleofquantitiesofagoodthatwillbeboughtperunitoftimeatvariousprices,otherthingsconstant.Graphically,itreferstotheentiredemandcurve.,ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurve,Quantitydemandedreferstoaspecificamountthatwillbedemandperunitoftimeataspecificprice.,Graphically,itreferstoaspecificpointonthedemandcurve.,ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurve,Amovementalongademandcurveisthegraphicalrepresentationoftheeffectofachangeinpriceonthequantitydemanded.,ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurve,Ashiftindemandisthegraphicalrepresentationoftheeffectofanythingotherthanpriceondemand.,Theoriginalcurvewillmovetotherightortotheleft.,ChangeinQuantityDemanded,0,D1,Changeinquantitydemanded(amovementalongthecurve),B,A,D0,D1,ShiftinDemand,B,A,Changeindemand(ashiftofthecurve),250,ShiftFactorsofDemand,Shiftfactorsofdemandarethosethatcauseshiftsinthedemandcurvetotherightorleft.,ShiftFactorsofDemand,Shiftfactorsofdemandincludebutarenotlimitedtothefollowing:
SocietysincomeThepricesofothergoodsTastesExpectations,ShiftFactorsofDemand,Ariseinincomewillincreasedemandforgoods.,Whenthepricesofsubstitutegoodsfall,youwillconsumelessofthegoodwhosepricehasnotchanged.Achangeintastewillchangedemandwithnochangeinprice.,ShiftFactorsofDemand,Ifyouexpectyourincometorise,youmayconsumemorenow.,Ifyouexpectpricestofallinthefuture,youmayputoffpurchasestoday.,TheDemandTable,Thedemandtableassumesallthefollowing:
Aspricerises,quantitydemandeddeclines.Quantitydemandedhasaspecifictimedimensiontoit.,TheDemandTable,Thedemandtableassumesallthefollowing:
Alltheproductsinvolvedareidenticalinshape,size,quality,etc.Thescheduleassumesthateverythingelseisheldconstant.,FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurve,Youploteachpointinthedemandtableonagraphandconnectthepointstoderivethedemandcurve.,FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurve,Thedemandcurvegraphicallyconveysthesameinformationthatisonthedemandtable.,FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurve,Thecurverepresentsthemaximumpricethatyouwillforvariousquantitiesofagoodyouwillhappilypayless.,Pricepercassette(indollars),ADemandCurve,Quantityofcassettesdemanded(perweek),1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,$6.00,5.00,4.00,3.00,2.00,1.00,.50,0,3.50,E,D,C,B,F,A,FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurve,Demandforcassettes,G,IndividualandMarketDemandGoods,Amarketdemandcurveisthehorizontalsumofallindividualdemandcurves.Thisisdeterminedbyaddingtheindividualdemandcurvesofallthedemanders.,IndividualandMarketDemandGoods,Realworldsellersdonotaddupindividualdemandcurves.,IndividualandMarketDemandGoods,Theyestimatetotalmarketdemandfortheirproductwhichbecomessmoothanddownwardslopingcurve.,IndividualandMarketDemandGoods,Thedemandcurveisdownwardslopingforthefollowingreasons:
Atlowerprices,existingdemandersbuymore.Atlowerprices,newdemandersenterthemarket.,FromIndividualDemandstoaMarket,Quantityofcassettesdemandedperweek,2,Cathy,Bruce,Alice,D,$4.00,3.50,3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,0,Pricepercassette(indollars),4,6,8,10,12,14,16,B,Supply,Individualscontrolthefactorsofproduction.Factorsofproductionaretheresourcesorinputs,necessarytoproducegoodsorservices.,Supply,Individualssupplyfactorsofproductiontointermediariesorfirms.,Supply,Theanalysisofthesupplyofproducedgoodshastwoparts:
Ananalysisofthesupplyofthefactorsofproductiontohouseholdsandfirms.Ananalysisofwhyfirmstransformthosefactorsofproductionintousablegoodsandservices.,TheLawofSupply,Quantitysuppliedrisesaspricerises,otherthingsconstant.Quantitysuppliedfallsaspricefalls,otherthingsconstant.Thus,thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitysupplied.,TheLawofSupply,Thelawofsupplyisaccountedforbytwofactors:
Inthefaceofrisingprices,firmsarrangetheiractivitiestosupplymoreofthegoodtothemarket,substitutingproductionofthatgoodfortheproductionofothergoods.Assumingfirmscostsareconstant,ahigherpricemeanshigherprofits.,TheSupplyCurve,Thesupplycurveisthegraphicrepresentationofthelawofsupply.Thesupplycurveslopesupwardtotheright.Theslopetellsusthatthequantitysuppliedvariesdirectlyinthesamedirectionwiththeprice.,ASampleSupplyCurve,ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurve,Supplyreferstoascheduleofquantitiesaselleriswillingtosellperunitoftimeatvariousprices,otherthingsconstant.,ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurve,Iftheamountsuppliedisaffectedbyanythingotherthanachangeinprice,therewillbeashiftinsupply.,Shiftinsupply-thegraphicrepresentationoftheeffectofachangeinafactorotherthanpriceonsupply.,ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurve,Quantitysuppliedreferstoaspecificamountthatwillbesuppliedataspecificprice.,ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurve,Changesinpricecauseschangesinquantitysuppliedrepresentedbyamovementalongasupplycurve.,ShiftinSupply,Price(perunit),Quantitysupplied(perunitoftime),S0,ShiftinSupply(ashiftofthecurve),S1,$15,A,B,1,250,1,500,Changeinquantitysupplied(amovementalongthecurve),ChangeinQuantitySupplied,Price(perunit),Quantitysupplied(perunitoftime),S0,$15,A,1,250,1,500,B,ShiftFactorsofSupply,Shiftfactorsofsupplyarethosefactorsthatcauseshiftsintheentiresupplycurvetotheleftorright.,ShiftFactorsofSupply,Thefollowingareshiftfactorsofsupply:
ChangesinthepricesofinputsusedintheproductionofagoodChangesintechnologyChangesinsuppliersexpectationsChangesintaxesandsubsidies,ShiftFactorsofSupply,Changesinthepricesofinputsusedintheproductionofagood.,Ifcostsgoup,thenprofitsgodown,andtheincentivetosupplyalsogoesdown.Ifcostsgoupsubstantially,thefirmmayevenshutdown.,ShiftFactorsofSupply,Technologymakescostsgodown,profitsgoup,thustheincentivetosupplyalsogoesup.,Thisisespeciallytruewhentechnologyreplaceslabor.,ShiftFactorsofSupply,Iftheyexpectpricestoriseinthefuture,suppliersmaystoretodaysproductionforanexpectedwindfalllater.,Iftheyexpectpricestofallinthefuture,suppliersmayselloffmoreoftheirinventoriestoday.,ShiftFactorsofSupply,Iftaxesgoup,costsalsogoup,andprofitsgodown,leadingsupplierstoreduceoutput.,Ifgovernmentsubsidiesgoup,costsgodown,andprofitsgoup,leadingsupplierstoincreaseoutput.,FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurve,Toderiveasupplycurvefromasupplytable,youploteachpointinthesupplytableonagraphandconnectthepoints.,FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurve,Thesupplycurverepresentsthesetofminimumpricesanindividualsellerwillacceptforvariousquantitiesofagood.,FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurve,Competingsuppliersentryintothemarketplacesalimitonthepriceanysuppliercancharge.,IndividualandMarketSupplyCurves,Themarketsupplycurveisderivedbyhorizontallyaddingtheindividualsupplycurvesofeachsupplier.,FromIndividualSuppliestoaMarketSupply,12345678910111213141516,FromIndividualSuppliestoaMarketSupply,Pricepercassette(indollars),Charlie,Barry,Ann,Quantityofcassettessupplied(perweek),$4.00,3.50,3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,0.50,0,CA,TheMarriageofSupplyandDemand,TheEnglishhistorianThomasCarlyleoncesaid:
“Teachanyparrotthewordssupplyanddemandandyouvegotaneconomist.”,TheDynamicLawsofSupplyandDemand,Supplyanddemandcometogethertodetermineequilibriumquantityandequilibriumprice.,ExcessSupplyandExcessDemand,Excesssupplypricestendtofallifquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.Excessdemandpricestendtoriseifquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.,PriceAdjusts,Thelargerthedifferencebetweenquantitydemandedandquantitysupplied,thegreaterthepressureforpricestorise(ifthereisexcessdemand)orfall(ifthereisexcesssupply.,PriceAdjusts,Whenquantitydemandedequalsquantitysupplied,priceshavenotendencytochange.,A,TheMarriageofSupplyandDemand,Pricepercassette(indollars),$5.00,4.00,3.50,3.00,2.50,2.00,1.50,1.00,S,D,Quantityofcassettessuppliedanddemanded(perweek),C,Excessdemand,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,Excesssuppl
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