武汉大学考博英语真题.docx
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武汉大学考博英语真题.docx
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武汉大学考博英语真题
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案
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PartIReadingComprehension(2’×20=40points)
Directions:
Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.
PassageOne
MrGordonisrightthatthesecondindustrialrevolutioninvolvednever-to-be-repeatedchanges.Butthatdoesnotmeanthatdriverlesscarscountfornothing.MessrsErixonandWeigelarealsorighttoworryabouttheWest’sdismalrecentrecordinproducingnewcompanies.Butmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucratsandhavereinventedthemselvesmanytimesover:
GeneralElectricmustbeonatleastitsninthlife.Andtheimpactofgiantnewfirmsborninthepast20yearssuchasUber,GoogleandFacebookshouldnotbeunderestimated:
theyhavealltheSchumpeteriancharacteristicstheauthorsadmire.
Onthepessimists’sidethestrongestargumentreliesnotoncloselywatchingcorporateandinvestorbehaviorbutratheronmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.Thefiguresfromrecentyearsaretrulydismal.KarimFoda,oftheBrookingsInstitution,calculatesthatlaborproductivityintherichworldisgrowingatitsslowestratesince1950.Totalfactorproductivity(whichtriestomeasureinnovation)hasgrownatjust0.1%inadvancedeconomiessince2004,wellbelowitshistoricalaverage.
Optimistshavetworetorts.Thefirstisthattheremustbesomethingwrongwiththefigures.Onepossibilityisthattheyfailtocountthehugeconsumersurplusgivenawayfreeofchargeontheinternet.Butthisisunconvincing.Theofficialfiguresmaywellbeunderstatingtheimpactoftheinternetrevolution,justastheydownplayedtheimpactofelectricityandcarsinthepast,buttheyarenotunderstatingitenoughtoexplaintherecentdeclineinproductivitygrowth.
Another,secondlineofargumentthattheproductivityrevolutionhasonlyjustbegunismorepersuasive.OverthepastdecademanyITcompaniesmayhavefocusedonthingsthatweremore“funthanfundamental”inPaulKrugman’sphrase.ButSiliconValley’sbestcompaniesarecertainlyfocusingonthingsthatchangethematerialworld.
UberandAirbnbarebringingdramaticimprovementstotwolargeindustriesthathavebeenmoreorlessstuckfordecades.MorganStanleyestimatesthatdriverlesscarscouldresultin$507billionayearofproductivitygainsinAmerica,mainlyfrompeoplebeingabletostareattheirlaptopsinsteadofattheroad.
1.Whathasledtothepessimisticopinionconcerningtheworld’seconomy?
A.Itisbasedonmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.
B.Itisbasedoncloseobservationoncorporateandinvestorbehavior.
C.Itisduetothefactthatmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucrats.
D.Itisduetothefactthatnotenoughnewfirmshavebeencreated.
2.Thefirstargumentontheoptimists’sideisunconvincingbecausetheofficialfigures
.
A.arebothwrongandunconvincing
B.downplaytheinternetrevolution
C.failtoincludetheconsumersurplus
D.can’texplainthedeclineinproductivitygrowth
3.WhatistrueabouttheITcompaniesinSiliconValley?
?
A.Theyhaveonlyfocusedonthefunpartoflife.
B.Theyhavemadeadifferenceintherealworld.
C.Theyhavemorepersuasiveproductivity.
D.Theyhaveonlyjustbeguntodevelop.
4.HowcandriverlesscarsbenefitAmericanindustries?
A.DriverlesscarshaverevivedtwolargeAmericanindustries.
B.Thesaleofdriverlesscarscanreachhundredsofbilliondollars.
C.Thankstothempeoplefreefromdrivingcandomorecreativework.
D.DriverlesscarshavestimulatedthedevelopmentofUberandAirbnb.
PassageTwo
WinstonChurchillwasoneofthecentralstatesmenofthe20thcenturyand,almost50yearsafterhisdeath,remainsasubjectofenduringfascination.Partofthecurrentinterestinthisvenerablefigurecanbeattributedtotwosuperbbiographieswritteninthe1980sbyhistorianWilliamManchester:
“TheLastLion:
VisionsofGlory”and“TheLastLion:
Alone.”Thesetwobooksexaminedthefirsttwo-thirdsofChurchill’slife.
Unfortunately,aftercompletingthesecondvolume,Manchester’shealthdeclinedandtherestoftheprojectstalled.Sogreatwaspublicinterestinthelong-delayedfinalvolumethatitwasthesubjectofafrontpagestoryinTheNewYorkTimes.
Eventually,in2003,ManchesteraskedhisfriendPaulReidtocompletethetrilogy.Now,nearlyadecadelater,ReidhaspublishedTheLastLion,thefinalpieceofthismonumentalundertaking.ReidstartswhenChurchillwasappointedprimeministerinMay1940and
followshimthroughhisdeathin1965.WhilemostofthisvolumeisappropriatelydevotedtoWorldWarII,italsoincludesthevastexpansionoftheBritishwelfarestatefollowingthewar,thestartoftheColdWarandtheenormousdangersitcarried,andthelossoftheBritishEmpire.
Reidhaswrittenathoroughandcompleteanalysisoftheseyears,anditisaworthyfinaletothefirsttwovolumes.Exhaustivelyresearchedandcarefullywritten,itdrawsonafullrangeofprimaryandsecondarymaterials.Thisbookwillbeessentialreadingforthosewhoenjoyedthefirsttwovolumesandthosewithadeepinterestinunderstandingthisseminalfigureandhisplaceinhistory.
ReiddoesawonderfuljobofcapturingChurchillinallhiscomplexity.HegivesChurchillgreatpraiseforhispersonalcourageandinspirationalleadershipduringthedarkdayswhenBritainstoodalone,butheisequallyclearaboutChurchill’spoorstrategicjudgments,suchastheeffortstodefendGreeceandCrete,theAlliedassaultonAnzio,andthedecisiontosendthebattleshipPrinceofWalesandbattlecruiserRepulsetotheSouthChinaSeawithoutadequateaircoverwheretheywerepromptlysunkbytheJapanese.
HehighlightsChurchill’snaivetéindealingwithSovietPremierStalinintheearlyyearsofthewar,butpraiseshisprescienceinanticipatingStalin’slandgrabinEasternEuropeattheendoftheconflict.Reidalsogiveswelcomeattentiontoaspectsofthewar―suchasChurchill’sfearthattheUnitedStatesmightdecidetoputitsprimaryemphasisondefeatingJapanregardlessofthe“Germanyfirst”understandinghesharedwithRooseveltthathavereceivedlittleattentioninotherbooks.
5.WhatcanbeknownaboutthetwobiographiesofChurchill?
A.Theywerewritteninaninterestingstyle.
B.TheywerewrittenpriortoChurchill’sdeath.
C.Theyaremainlywrittenfromahistoricalpointofview.
D.Theyhavehelpedintriguethereadersoveralongperiod.
6.WhydidthebiographyoncebecomeafrontpagestoryinTheNewYorkTimes?
A.Peoplewerelookingforwardtothepublicationofthefinalvolume.
B.Readerswereangrywiththeauthorforthedelayofthefinalvolume.
C.Thepublicationofthefinalvolumewasthenaheatedlydiscussedissue.
D.Readerswantedtoknowwhowouldbethenewauthorofthefinalvolume.
7.Whydoesthethirdvolumeprovetobeworthy?
A.Itiswidelyreadandwelcomedbyreaders.
B.ItinvolvesenoughdetailsinChurchill’slife.
C.Itisbasedonthoroughandreliableresearch.
D.ItoffersauniqueunderstandingofChurchill.
8.WhatcanweknowaboutChurchillthroughthethirdvolume?
A.Heisamanwithcomplexity.
B.HepulledBritainthroughWWII.
C.Hemademanystrategicmistakes.
D.Heiscourageousandinspirational.
PassageThree
AsteroidsandcometsthatrepeatedlysmashedintotheearlyEarthcoveredtheplanet’ssurfacewithmoltenrockduringitsearliestdays,butstillmayhaveleftoasesofwaterthatcouldhavesupportedtheevolutionoflife,scientistssay.Thenewstudyrevealsthatduringtheplanet’sinfancy,thesurfaceoftheEarthwasahellishenvironment,butperhapsnotashellishasoftenthought,scientistsadded.
Earthformedabout4.5billionyearsago.Thefirst500millionyearsofitslifeareknownastheHadeanEon.Althoughthistimeamountstomorethan10percentofEarth’shistory,littleisknownaboutit,sincefewrocksareknownthatareolderthan3.8billionyearsold.
FormuchoftheHadean,Earthanditssisterworldsintheinnersolarsystemwerepummeledwithanextraordinarynumberofcosmicimpacts.“ItwasthoughtthatbecauseoftheseasteroidsandcometsflyingaroundcollidingwithEarth,conditionsonearlyEarthmayhavebeenhellish,”saidleadstudyauthorSimoneMarchi,aplanetaryscientistattheSouthwestResearchInstituteinBoulder,Colorado.Thisimaginedhellishnessgavetheeonitsname—HadeancomesfromHades,thelordoftheunderworldinGreekmythology.
However,inthepastdozenyearsorso,aradicallydifferentpictureoftheHadeanbegantoemerge.Analysisofmineralstrappedwithinmicroscopiczirconcrystalsdatingfromthisecon“suggestedthattherewasliquidwateronthesurfaceoftheEarthbackthen,clashingwiththepreviouspicturethattheHadeanwashellish,”Marchisaid.ThiscouldexplainwhytheevidenceoftheearliestlifeonEarthappearsduringtheHadean—maybetheplanetwaslessinhospitableduringthateonthanpreviouslythought.
TheexacttimingandmagnitudeoftheimpactsthatsmashedEarthduringtheHadeanareunknown.Togetanideaoftheeffectsofthisbombardment,Machiandhiscolleagueslookedatthemoon,whoseheavilycrateredsurfacehelpedmodelthebatteringthatitscloseneighborEarthmusthaveexperiencedbackthen.
“Wealsolookedathighlysiderophileelements(elementsthatbindtightlytoiron),suchasgold,deliveredtoEarthasaresultoftheseearlycollisions,andtheamountsoftheseelementstellsusthetotalmassaccretedbyEarthast
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