Unit4ThePoliticalSystemintheUSandtheUKWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Demonstration:
TextAPOLITICALSYSTEMINTHEUK
TheStructureofBritishGovernment
Ø
TheExecutive
Monarch
PrimeMinister
TheCivilService
Thelegislature
Parliament
HouseofLords
HouseofCommons
TheJudiciary
Casestudy
LaborParty
ConsevativeParty
Period3-4:
TextBPOLITICALSYSTEMINTHEUSA
TheConstitutionandtheBillofRights
–TheConstitution
–TheStructureofAmericanGovernment
•Thelegislativebranch(theCongress);
•Theexecutivebranch(thePresident);
•Thejudicialbranch(theSupremeCourt)
–Amoredetailedtreediagram
TheFederalSystem
–4basicprinciples
•republicanism
•federalism
•separationofpower
checksandbalances
DemocraticParty
RepublicParty
Summary
Assignment
Teachingprocedure:
T’llaskSssomequestionsaboutwhatthey’veleanredlasttime:
Q1:
WhenwastheU.Sfounded?
Q2:
whowasthesecondU.SPresident?
Talkaboutthefollowingpictures:
Whatrolesorfunctionsdotheyplayintheirrespectivepoliticalsystems?
•BuckinghamPalace:
Originallybuiltin1703,thepalaceisnowtheofficialLondonresidenceoftheBritishmonarchlocatedintheCityofWestminster.Thepalaceisasettingforstateoccasionsandroyalentertaining,andamajortouristattraction.
RoyalCoatofArmsoftheUK:
TheofficialcoatofarmsoftheBritishmonarch,currentlyQueenElizabethII.ThesearmsareusedbytheQueeninherofficialcapacityasmonarch,andareofficiallyknownasherArmsofDominion.
TheWhiteHouse:
ItistheofficialhomeandprincipalworkplaceofthepresidentsoftheUnitedStates.Builtbetween1792and1800ofwhite-paintedAquiasandstoneinthelateGeorgianstyle,ithasbeentheexecutiveresidenceofeveryU.S.PresidentsinceJohnAdams.WhenThomasJeffersonmovedintothehomein1801,he,witharchitectBenjaminHenryLatrobe,expandedthebuildingoutward,creatingtwocolonnadeswhichweremeanttoconcealstablesandstorage.
Theheadofstateandtheoreticalsourceofexecutive,judicialandlegislativepowerintheUKistheBritishmonarch,currentlyQueenElizabethII.However,sovereigntyintheUKnolongerrestswiththemonarch,whoseroleislargelyasymbolicone.
ThequeenpresidesovertheStateOpeningofParliament.
ThequeenhastogivetheRoyalAssentofagreementtoanynewlawthatispassedbyparliament.
SheiskeptintouchwiththegovernmentbyaweeklymeetingwiththePrimeMinisterinBuckinghamPalace.
ThemonarchappointsaPrimeMinister,whothenselectsabouttwentyotherministerswhomakeuptheCabinet.Inmakingtheselection,thePrimeMinistermusthavesomeregardforthefeelingsofthebackbenchersiftheywanttokeeptheirsupport.
ImplementationoftheMinister’sdecisionsiscarriedoutbyapermanentpoliticallyneutralorganizationknownasthecivilservice.ItsconstitutionalroleistosupporttheGovernmentofthedayregardlessofwhichpoliticalpartyisinpower.Civilservantsareofficialswhoservetheelectedpoliticalgovernment.Theythemselvesarenotelected,andremaininofficedespitechangesingovernment.Topcivilservantsofferadviceaboutthepossibleconsequencesofpolicy,andarealsoresponsibleforimplementingthepoliciesofthegovernment.
ParliamentisthecentreofthepoliticalsystemintheUnitedKingdomandisthesupremelegislativebody.TheBritishParliamentconsistsoftwochambers:
theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.NowadaystheHouseofCommonsisthemostpowerfulpartofParliament.Beforethegovernment’spoliciesbecomelawstheyhavetobeapprovedbybothHouses.ParliamenthastoensurethattheGovernmentisworkingproperlyandthatitspoliciesanddecisionsareinthepublicinterest.
TheHouseofLords
TheHouseofLordswaspreviouslyahereditary,aristocraticchamber.Itiscurrentlyamixtureofhereditarymembersof26Bishops,800hereditarypeersorpeeresseswhohaveinheritedtheirtitlesandareautomaticallymembersofthechamberforlife,and387lifepeerswhoareappointedbytheQueenontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.TheHouseofLordsiscurrentlyalsothefinalcourtofappealwithintheUnitedKingdom,althoughinpracticeonlyasmallnumberoftheHouseofLords,knownastheLawLords,hearsjudicialcases.
TheHouseofCommonsconsistsof650MembersofParliament(MPs)whoareelectedbythepeopletobetheirrepresentatives.EachMPrepresentsthevotersinanareacalledaconstituency.MPsholdtheirseatsonlyforthelife-timeofaParliament.TheyhavetobereelectedwhenanewgovernmentisformedataGeneralElection.
TheLordChancelloristheheadofthejudiciaryinEnglandandWales.HeappointsjudgesandmagistratesforcriminalcourtsonbehalfoftheSovereign.TheLordChancellorfallsintoallthethreearmsofstate,takingrolesintheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciary.However,theConstitutionalReformAct2005removesmuchofthepowerinthislastroleandgivesittoothersintheBritishgovernment,mainlythenewlycreatedpostofSecretaryofStateforConstitutionalAffairs.
–In1787delegatesfromthestatesmetinPhiladelphiatorevisetheArticles,buttheydidmorethanthat.TheywrotetheConstitution,whichwasfinallyadoptedbythethirteenstatesby1790.TheConstitutionisstillinforce.Itsetsthebasicformofgovernmentofthreeseparatebranches,eachonehavingpowers(’checksandbalances’)overtheother:
theexecutivebranch(thePresident);
thelegislativebranch(theCongress);
thejudicialbranch(theSupremeCourt)
–
–Republicanism
–Arepublicangovernmentisoneinwhichpeopleelectrepresentativestogovern.IntheUS,thepeoplevoteformembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesandformembersoftheSenate.
–Federalism
–Federalismisthedivisionofpowerbetweenacentralgovernmentandthestateunits.Whenconflictsemerge,thecentralgovernmenttakestheupperhand.Generally,thestateswererequiredtogiveupthepoweronlywhentheywereinthewayofaneffectivenationalgovernment.
–separationofpower
–Separationofpowersisthedivisionofthelaw-making,law-enforcingandlaw-interpretingpowersamongtheindependentlegislative,executiveandjudicialbranchesofgovernment.Suchadivisionisdesignedtopreventanybranchfrombecomingtoopowerful.
–ChecksandBalances
–Checksandbalancesmeanseachbranchofgovernmentscrutinizeandrestraintheotherbranchessoastopreventonebranchfromignoringoroverpoweringtheothers.Seeademonstrativediagramformoreinformation.
–CaseStudy
–MajorPoliticalPartiesintheUK
–HistoryofPartypolitics:
–Priortothemid-19th(loosealliancesofinterestsandindividuals):
–TheTories(托利党) thelandedgentry,theChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofScotland
–TheWhigs(辉格党) thenewlyemergingmoneyedindustrialclasses
–Betweenthemid19thcenturyand1920s:
–TheTories theConservativeParty(保守党)
–TheWhigs theLiberalParty(自由党)
–Post1920s:
–TheConservativePartyTheConservativeandUnionistParty
–TheLabourPartyAlliancebetweenthetradesunionsandvarioussocialistsocieties(工党)
–TheLiberalDemocratsLiberalPartydeclinedandmergedwiththeSocialDemocrats(自由民主党)
–Introductiontopartypolitics
(2)
–Smallpartiesdonothavetheirplace.WHY?
–TheUK’sFirstPastthePost(简单多数票当选)electoralsystem.
–FirstPastthePostwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing
–1.Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.
–2.Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.
–3.Thepayoffis“winner-takes-all“(赢者统吃).
–4.Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvotesintheirfavourwins.
–TheConservativeParty
–TheConservativePartybelievesthathumannatureisimperfect,andmanneedtobeconstrained.Thereforecentralcontrolandastronglegalsystemisnecessarytoguaranteeindividualfreedom.Anysocialchangeshouldbegradualandcautious.Weshouldbepragmaticandcautious.Theyareconservativewhenitcomestotraditionalvaluesregardingfamilyandrespectforauthority,buthaveafree-marketapproachtotheeconomy.Theyalsostressitscommitmenttostatewelfareprovisionsasnecessary.
•History
1.TheToryParty(fromthelate18thandearly19thCenturies)
ThepartystilloftencalledtheToryPartyanditsmembersstillcommonlyreferredtoasTories.
2.Publicmembership:
thelargest
3.History:
theoldest:
4.Electionvictories:
themostsuccessfulinBritishhistory
5.Themostsuccessfulpoliticalpartyintheworld.
•Theofficialname:
TheConservativeandUnionistParty
1.OriginatedfromthemergewiththeLiberalUnionistPartyin1912
2.maintainedtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland(1886-1921policy)
inoppositiontoIrishnationalistandrepublicanaspirations
3.Scotland’salliedUnionistPartyindepen
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