杭州城市规划virtual_cities_v12.pptx
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杭州城市规划virtual_cities_v12.pptx
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UsingVirtualCitiestoPlanRealCitiesACaseStudyUsingtheVirtualTerrainProjectInHangzhou,ChinaDr.MichaelFlaxmanLecturerinLandscapePlanningHarvardGraduateSchoolofDesignBenDiscoeLeadDeveloper,VirtualTerrainProjectTheOpenPlanningProject(TOPP)CastofCharacters15GraduateStudentsinArchitecture,LandscapeArchitecture&PlanningOneSemesterInterdisciplinaryStudio(doublecourse):
Faculty:
CarlSteinitz(Architecture&LandscapeArchitecture)MikeFlaxman(Planning,GIS&Visualization)BenDiscoe,LeadDeveloper,VTP(notpictured)StudyAreaLocationSoutheasternChina2hoursSWofShanghaiPublicImageoftheWestlakeandHangzhouHangzhou2000OneoftheMostProsperousCitiesinChina6MillionPeoplePopulationDoublingin20Years15XAutoOwnershipExpectedDesignStrategyConclusionofpriorHarvardstudy:
ToprotecttheWestLake,newdevelopmentshouldbedirectedawayfromitandtowardtherivertotheSouth.BuildNewCityCenterAlongRiverMakethisareamoreattractivetodevelopmentthantheedgeoftheWestLakeBasicTask:
Propose&EvaluateAlternativePlansforHangzhou2020EachAlternativeAccommodatesProjectedGrowth(SameProgram)EvaluatetheVisual,Economic&EnvironmentalConsequencesPresentResultstotheGeneralPublicinFormwhichFostersProductiveDiscussionGDesignChallenge:
HowtoDevelopandEvaluateCompellingAlternativesforLargeUrbanAreasWheretoplacestrategicpublicinvestmentsintransportationinfrastructureandcivicbuildingsWheretoallowvariouslandusesanddensities/heightsNeedtoestablishopenspacenetworkplanningProblemSummaryGTechnicalChallenge:
HowtoVisualizeAlternativeFuturesforLargeCitiesandRegionsEfficientlygeneratingmodelsofcurrentconditionsVisualizingmultiplealternativeplansin3DVisualizingdetaileddesigninbroadercontextWorkflowmustfacilitate“topdown”designConventionalApproachestoCityRepresentationforPlanningGSketches-mapsGSingle-usezoningrepresentingclassesoflegally-permitteduseGBuildingheightsimplicitinzoningProblemswithConventionalRepresentationGNobodyunderstandsthemapsexcept(perhaps)theplannerGBasicallytooabstract:
allconcernedpreferrepresentationwithbuildingmassingstoprovidesenseofscaleGTwodimensionalrepresentationofatruly3DproblemVisualizationGoals:
Visualrepresentationoffunction,sizeandlocations(not“realism”but“naturalsceneparadigm”)RepresentsomeindividualbuildingsandneighborhoodpatternsAgoodworkingmodel,notjustapolishedfinalrenderingChallenge#1:
NumberandDiversityofElementsLandscapeComponentsTerrainBuildingsRoadsVegetationWaterLighting/AtmosphereAnylargelandscapeislikelytocontainallofthesecomponents.Therelativeproportionwillbelocation-specific,buteachcomponentneedsanefficientrepresentation.Challenge#2:
InteractivityWorkdoneinparallelby20studentsworkingonPCs(singlehigh-endvisualizationsystemnotpractical)StudentsanddesigncriticsneedtobeabletoviewworkfromanycameraangleDesignrevisionsshouldrequireeditingatthelevelofthecritique(changingzoningratherthanmanuallymoving3000buildings)PotentialRealtimeCityVisualizationApproachesGGISVisualizationSystemsArcScene,ERDASVirtualGISGGameEnginesGVRML/GeoVRMLGCommercialflightsimulationgeneratorsGGeneralconclusionManytechnicalsolutionswereavailable,butnosingleavailablepackagewassuitableforinteractivecitydesignwithrealGIS/CADWhyTheVirtualTerrainProject?
GSupportsmostcommonGISformatsGCLODterrainsimplificationallowsrealtimeperformanceonnormalPChardwareGCangeneratebuildingsprocedurallybasedonfootprintsGIntegratesCADmodelswhereavailableGCrossPlatformGOpenSource,sobothfreeandextensibleVTPFoundationsGBuiltatopthreemajorlibrariesOpenSceneGraphHighPerformance,OpenGL-basedReadsMany3DFormats:
OpenFlight,3DSwxWindowsProvidesmaturecross-platformGUI(Linux,Windows,MacOS)GDAL(GeographicDataAbstractionLibrary)Reads/writesmostGISformatsDealswithMapProjections1.Establishdatameaning&representationoptionsUsing“Builder”for2DGIS/ImageData“CultureEditor”for3Dandproxies2.View/EditUsingRuntime“Enviro”VTPVisualizationProcessProductionPipeline1:
BaseDataGCurrentConditionsBasedatafrom1msatellitesceneExistingbuildingfootprintsfrom1:
1000CADElevationfrom1:
10Kcontours+spotelevationsProductionPipeline2:
BuildingsGDevelopedBuildingTypologyGDevelopedcustomArcViewscriptstoplacetemplatebuildingfootprintswithattributesGGenericbuildingsderivedprocedurallyfromfootprintsinBuilderGCustombuildings/bridgesdevelopedinCAD/surfacedin3DS.InsertlocationsspecifiedinGIS.ProductionPipeline3:
Terrain&GroundCoverGGradingplansdevelopedinGISusingArcViewTinGSurfacecoverchangesspecifiedinGISGExportedfromGISasanimagefile(BMP)ProductionPipeline4:
VegetationPlantingplansdonebylandscapearchitectsinGIS(placingstems+plantIDattribute)StreettreesgeneratedprocedurallyinGISbasedonroadtypeResults:
ProcessGEfficient:
Fourplansinfourweeks“agoodplanisadoneplan”Studentswithnoprior3DvisualizationexperiencewereabletoproductivelyusethetoolsGEffective:
VisualizationsinfluenceddesignchoicesBuildingdensitiesoffirstroundproposals“lookedlikeCleveland”soadjustedupwardVisualizationofgreenspaceandstreettreeshadlargeimpactinpublicreviewsinChinaResultsof“GISTemplatesto3D”StrategyGWeaknessesNogoodtoolsforbuildingfootprintgeneration/alignmentGeneratinggradingplansusingArcViewverytediousSomedesignbestdonein3D.GStrengthsEfficientforlargeareasGood,cleanly-attributeddataGISintermediateproductsusefulResults:
VTPStrengthsGSupportsallmajorlandscapeelements:
billboardvegetation,CLODterrainProcedural&CADbuildingsGGISintegrationfacilitatedtop-downdesignandrevisionsGSimplenavigationinterfaceGPowerfulreal-timevisualizationtechnologiesforworkonstandardcommodityhardwareResults:
VTPWeaknesses(foruseinInteractivePlanning)ConstraintsonterrainsizeandgroundplaneresolutionMultiplefileconversionsrequiredforsomedesignchanges(noauto-update/build)Lackofintegrationoffeaturetypes(particularlyroads&terrain)GISintegrationwas“oneway”(GIS-Vis)ratherthan“roundtrip”(noVis-GIS)GeneralConclusionsaboutCity&RegionalVisualizationsforPlanningUseChosentechniquemustefficientlyrepresentcommonobjectstypesGIS/databaseessentialforeffectivereal-worldvisualizationcreation/managementProceduralmodelinggreatlyfacilitatesbothcreationandupdatesInter-object3dtopology/constraintsverychallengingNextStepsGBeyondaesthetics-visualizingconsequencesEconomic,Biodiversity,WaterQualityGScenarioComparisonInterfaceVisualizedifferencesusingcrossfadeorsplitscreenGInternetintegrationEasydataacquisitionfromwebmapserversFacilitatesharingofbuildingmodels,ecosystems,etc.GBetterpatterngenerationtoolsForMoreInformationFutureDirectionsGInterfaceEnhancementsIncorporateViewpointandAnimationPathEnhancementsEcosystem/vegetationimportandsetupImprovedynamicsceneupdatinginEnviroFutureDirections2GBetterintegrationwithGISMakeVTPClientofOpenGISWebMapServersFacilitateGISVTPGroundplanetransferAlloweditsin3D,savingtoGISGImprovementstoProceduralGenerationDynamicmodificationofbuildingsbasedonattributechanges(currentlyonlyonimport)Semi-randomplacementwithoffsetfromlinearfeatures(buildingsalongroad,vegetationalongstreet,etc.)StratifiedrandomvegetationplacementrelativetoterrainattributesFutureDirections3GEfficiencyandQualityEnhancementsSupport“Impostors”forbuildingsSupporttiled/pagedterrainwithtexturesHigher-qualityrenderingmodesfornon-realtimeuse(orgeomorphedwithsteadycamera)GFocusonCommunityandEnvironmentalPlanning
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