AC3D-技术手册.pdf
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AC3D-技术手册.pdf
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Version6.8UserManualCopyrightInivisLimited2011AC3DManualfile:
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32AMWelcometoAC3DAC3Disdesignedtomaketheconstructionof3Dobjectsfastandeasy.Itisusedtocreate3Dmodelsforsimulations,games,renderingray-tracedimagesandforscientificandgeneraldatavisualization.AC3Drunsonawiderangeofstandardhardwareandisavailableacrossanumberofpopularplatforms.AC3DterminologyVertexAvertexisasinglepointin3dspace.Itsspecifiedbythreecoordinatesx,yandz.Morethanonevertexcanoccupythesamepositionin3dspace.Avertexisalwaysownedbyasingleobject;theycannotbesharedbetweenobjects.AvertexisusuallypartofoneormoreSurfaces,butneednotbe.SurfaceAsurfaceinAC3Disasequenceofvertices.Surfacesareoneofthreetypes;polygons,linesorpolygonoutlines.Thetypeofasurfacedefineshowthesurfaceisdrawnandthiscanbeeasilychanged.Ifasurfaceissettobesingle-sided,itwillonlybevisiblefromthefront.Two-sidedsurfaceswillbevisiblefrombothsides.Itismoreefficienttodrawsinglesidedsurfacesandmakesmoresensewhenusedaspartofanobjectsuchasasphere(whereyoucantseetheothersideofthesurfaces).Surfaceshaveamaterialattribute,whichdefinesthecolorandquality(forlightingpurposes).EachvertexreferencedinasurfacehasanassociatedTextureCoordinate.Verticescanbesharedbetweensurfacesinthesameobject.SurfacenormalAsurfacenormalspecifiesthedirectionasurfaceisfacing.Normalsareusedinlightingcalculations.SurfacenormalsareautomaticallycalculatedbyAC3D.Asurfaceisdefinedasfacingthevieweriftheverticescanbeseeninananti-clockwisedirection.ObjectAnAC3Dobjectisalistofvertices,andsurfacesthatusethesevertices.Italsohasotherattributessuchasanameandtexture.GroupAgroupisaspecialobjectthathasnosurfacesorverticesbuthasotherobjectsaschildren.GroupsarecreatedbyselectingtwoormoreobjectsandselectingGroupfromtheeditmenuortoolbar.UsetheUngroupfunctiontoseparatetheobjects.Select-modeTheselectmodeallowscontroloverthelevelofeditinginAC3D.InVertex,individualverticescanbeselectedandadjusted.InSurface,operationsareperformedononeormoreselectedsurface.InObject,wholeobjectsareselectable.Thisallowsmanipulationofobjects,eveniftheyarepartofgroups.InGroup,selectingallorpartofanobjectautomaticallyselectsthetoplevelobject.MaterialAmaterialdefinesthecolorofasurfaceandalsotheattributesthatdefinethewayitwillreacttolighte.g.shininess.TextureGraphicalimagescanbemappedontothesurfacesofanobject.Theimagesareusuallyfromgraphicsfilessuchasgif,jpg,bmpetc.TexturecoordinatesWhenthevertexofasurfaceisdrawn,atexturecoordinatespecifiesthepositionofatextureimagetomaptothatpoint.Atexturecoordinateisatwodimensional(u,v)valuewhichdefinesthepointonthe2Dimage.AC3DManualfile:
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32AMBoundingboxWhenyoumakeaselectionofobjects,surfacesorvertices,agreenboxoutlinesit.Youcandrag,resizeorrotatethisboxtoadjustthecontentsGettinghelpUserinterfacecomponentsinAC3Dhaveballoonhelp.Smalltooltipwindowswillpopupwhenthemousepointerrestsoverabuttonorfieldlabel.ThisfeaturecanbeswitchedofffromFile-Settings.Whenbrowsingthroughthemenuitems,thefunctiononeachitemisdescribedinthemessagetextatthebottomoftheAC3Dwindow.AC3DManualfile:
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32AMAC3Dhasacontrolpanelontheleft,plus4viewwindows.Theresalsothemenuandtoolbaratthetopandaninformationbaralongthebottom.ControlpanelThisiswherethemaincontrolsovertheselectionanddrawmodesarelocated.Italsocontainsthesurface-typecontrols,thepaletteofmaterialsandtheobjectnamefield.Thetopofthecontrolpanelshowsinformationaboutthecurrentselection.Whenthemouseisbeingusedtointeractwithmodels,thisareawillalsodisplaycurrentpositions,distancesmovedandotherrelatedinformation.ToolbarThiscontainsbuttonsforsomeofthemostcommonlyusedfunctions.AllselecteverythingNonecleartheselectionDupduplicatetheselectionCut/Copy/PasteuseAC3DsinternalclipboardGroup/Ungroupputselectedobjectsintoagroup/removethegroupobjectFlipx/y/zflipthesectionaboutthisaxis200%/50%/+10%/-10%scaletheselectionuniformlyMaximizeasinglevieworviewALLtogetherViewwindowsBydefault,AC3Dstartswiththreetwo-dimensional(2Dorthographic)viewwindowsandasinglethree-dimensional(3D)window.ThedefaultviewwindowsshowFront,Left,Topand3Dcameraanglesontothemodelspace.Thedividersbetweenthe4viewwindowscanbedraggedtoresizetheviews.Individualviewsaremaximizedbyclickingontheviewbuttonsatthetoprightofthemainwindow(alternatively,theF1-F5keyscanbepressedtoswitchbetweenthedifferentviewconfigurations).Themainwindowsize/positionandothersettingsaresavedwhenAC3Dexits.AC3DManualfile:
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32AMTheconfigurationoftheviewsthatAC3DstartsupwithcaneasilybechangedfromthemenuViews-Configureviews.Eachviewwindowhasanindividualmenuatthetop.Thiscontainsthemenufortheviewangle(Camera),changingtheviewpoint(e.g.focusingonthecurrentlyselectedarea)andsomemisc.controlsthataredependentonwhetherthewindowissetto2Dor3D.TheCameraanglecanbechangedatanytime.Thisisusefulif,forexample,youneedtoview(orworkon)amodelfromtheunderside(bottomview).Theiconsontherightofeachview-menuallowyoutousethemousetonavigatearoundthe3Dspace,showacleanimage,andmaximizetheviewwindow.Spin(3Dviewsonly)pressanddragMove/Panview-pressanddragZoomin/outviewpressanddragInspectSwitchtoshowcleanimage(displaywithoutallsurfaceoutlines,grid,controlsetc)andchangetosimplenavigationmode.Maximize/minimizeviewbuttonThespin,move/panandzoombuttonarespecialcontrolsthatarehelddown(leftmousebutton)whilstthemouseisdragged.Theviewsadjusttheirviewpointasthemouseisdragged.AdditionalviewscanbecreatedfromthemenuViews-New-View.Unlike2DCADprograms,thespacepresentedintheAC3Dviewwindowsisnotlikeafinitepieceofpaperwhichhasalimitandedges.Youcanmoveviewpointsjustlikeapersonmovesaroundinreal3Dspace.Therearenorealedgestotheavailablespace(apartfromreachingcomputationallimits).Orthographic(2D)viewsWhenaviewcameraissettoFront,Back,Top,Bottom,LeftorRight,theviewisnon-perspectiveorthographic2D.Anorthographicviewshowsaviewparalleltoasingleaxis.TheitemsonthemainOrthmenucontrolhowviewssettothesecameramodesaredrawnandwhatcomponentsarevisible.Forthesesettings,allOrthwindowsworktogethere.g.switchingfromfilledtowireframeappearanceinoneOrthwindowcausesallotherOrthwindowstoalsobesettowireframe.Althoughitsusefulsometimestoworkinasingleview,seeingallthewindowsatoncecanbeveryhelpfulwhenpositioningobjectsandlayingoutscenes.Navigatingin2DviewsUsethemousetopanorzoomanorthview.Thekeyboardarrowkeyspanandcontrol+up/downzoomsinandout.Holdingdownashiftkeyincreasesthemovement/zoomdistance.ThegridsIntheorthographicwindowstherearetwogrids-thedrawgrid(majorlines)andthesnapgrid(minorlines).BothcanbesetfromFile-Settingsandtheirdisplaycanbetoggledon/offbyselectingGridfromtheOrthmenu(orpressingthegkeywhenfocusedinanorthwindow).TheSnapgridisshownbythinvisualguidelines;thedrawgridusesthickerlines.IfGridsnapisswitchedon,moving/resizing/creatingmousemovementswillbealignedtothenearestsnapgridpoints.AC3DManualfile:
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32AMThegridscanbeconfiguredtodisplayunitsofanysizee.g.foreighthsofaninch,themajordrawgridwouldbesetto1.0andthesnapgridsetto0.125(1/8th).UsingBackgroundImagesAnyorthographic(2D)windowcandisplayabackgroundimage.Thiscanbeusefulfortracingshapesorlayingoutobjectsinrelationtoascannedimagee.g.aplanormap.BackgroundimagesaresetandunsetfromtheOrthmenuatthetopofanorthographicwindow.AllimageformatsthataresupportedbyAC3Dstextureloaderscanbeusedasbackgroundimages.Backgroundimageswillscaleandmovewiththeviews.Bydefaulttheimagewillbecenteredontheorigin.Thescaleandpositionofthebackgroundimageisadjustedbyusingaltandthecursorkeys.Altandthecursorkeysrepositiontheimage,whilstAlt+Shiftpluscursorup/downscaletheimage.DetailsofbackgroundimagesarecurrentlynotsavedwithmodelsorwhenAC3Dexits.3DviewsA3Dviewwindowdisplaysthecurrentmodelinathreedimensionalperspectiveandchangesinstantlywhenanymodificationsaremadetothecurrentmodel.Themain3Dmenu(atthetopofthemainAC3Dwindow)containscontrolstoswitchvisibilityofmanyattributeswithinthe3Dwindow.Changingthesecontrolsaffectsall3Dwindowswithintheprogram.A3dgridisavailable-togglewithg.ThegridliesontheXZplane(floor).wtogglesbetweenwireframeandfilleddrawing,ttogglestextures.ltogglesthefixedlight.Seethe3Dmenuformoreviewingoptions.Navigatingin3DTwonavigationmodesareavailableinthiswindowspinandwalk.Thesecanbeswitchedfromtheviewsown3Dmenuorbypressingthe1or2keyswhilstthepointerisinthe3Dwindow.SpinmodeButtoncontrolsattopofviewforspin,panandzoomFromkeyboard:
Spin-up/down/left/rightkeys,orAlt+leftmousebuttonZoomControl+up/downWalkmodeButtoncontrolsattopofviewforwalk/fly,panandtiltFrom
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