The-development-of-new-energy-vehicles-for-a-sustainable-future.pdf
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The-development-of-new-energy-vehicles-for-a-sustainable-future.pdf
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Thedevelopmentofnewenergyvehiclesforasustainablefuture:
AreviewXueliangYuana,XinLiua,b,JianZuoc,naSchoolofEnergyandPowerEngineering,ShandongUniversity,Jinan250061,Shandong,ChinabDepartmentofChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering,TheUniversityofNottingham,UniversityPark,NottinghamNG72RD,UKcSchoolofNaturalandBuiltEnvironments,UniversityofSouthAustralia,Adelaide5001,AustraliaarticleinfoArticlehistory:
Received19July2014Receivedinrevisedform18August2014Accepted6October2014Availableonline28October2014Keywords:
NewenergyvehicleEnergyconsumptionPolicyChallengeChinaabstractWiththerapidgrowingnumberofautomobiles,newenergyvehicleisbecomingoneofapproachestomitigatethedependenceoftheautoindustryonpetroleumsoastoreducepollutantemissions.TheChinesegovernmenthaspromulgatedanumberofpoliciesfromtheperspectivesofindustrialdevelopment,developmentplans,demonstrationprojects,fiscalsubsidiesandtaxincentiveswithanaimtopromotethenewenergyvehicleindustry.Thispaperpresentsacomprehensiveandcriticalreviewofthepolicyframeworkfornewenergyvehicles.TheanalysisshowsthatelectricvehiclehasbeenassignedatoppriorityinthefuturedevelopmentoftheautomobileindustryinChina.Policyguidanceandplanninghasplayedavitalroletothegrowthofnewenergyvehicleindustry.However,thisindustryfacessignificantchallengesrelatedtotechnologies,industrialchainandsocialfactors.Somecoretechnologiesarestillinitsinfancy.Similarly,themarketshareofnewenergyvehiclesisverysmallinspiteofthepreferentialpolicies.Theconstructionofsupportingfacilitiesandinfrastructureshastobeacceleratedinordertoaccommodatethegrowingdemands.ThereisalongwaytogofortheindustrializationandpopularizationofnewenergyvehiclesinChina.&2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Contents1.Introduction.2992.NewenergyvehiclesinChina.2993.ThepolicyframeworkfordevelopingNEVinChina.3003.1.Industrialpolicies.3003.1.1.Theguidelinecatalogforindustrialrestructuring.3003.1.2.Developmentpolicyofautoindustry.3003.1.3.Optionsonacceleratingthedevelopmentofenergy-savingandenvironmentalprotectionindustries.3003.2.Developmentplans.3013.2.1.Five-yearplanfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.3013.2.2.Developmentplanofautoindustry.3013.2.3.Restructuringandrevitalizationplanofautoindustry.3013.2.4.The12thfive-yearplanfortheelectricvehicletechnology.3023.2.5.Developmentplanfortheindustryofenergy-efficientvehicleandnewenergyvehicle.3023.3.Demonstrationprojectsandfiscalsupport.3023.4.Taxincentives.3034.Challenges.3034.1.Technologicalchallenges.3034.2.Industrialchallenges.3044.3.Socialchallenges.3045.Conclusions.304ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectjournalhomepage:
andSustainableEnergyReviewshttp:
/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.0161364-0321/&2014ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.nCorrespondingauthor.Tel.:
61883021914;fax:
61883022252.E-mailaddress:
jian.zuounisa.edu.au(J.Zuo).RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews42(2015)298305Acknowledgments.304References.3041.IntroductionThelastdecadeswitnessedtheunprecedentedexpansionofenergyconsumptionderivedfromtherapideconomicgrowthinChina.From1980to2013,thetotalenergyconsumptioninChinasurgedfrom17.67billionGJto109.9billionGJ.Duringthesameperiod,thecrudeoilconsumptionincreasedmorethan5.5timesfrom3.66billionGJto20.18billionGJ1.Thisiscompoundedbythefactthatover57.8%ofoilsupplyinChinareliesonimporting.TheChineseautoindustrydevelopedrapidlyduringthesameperiod,theautomobilepopulationincreasedby75.8timesfrom1.78millionto137million(seeFig.1).In2013,theoutputandsalevolumeofautomobileinChinareached22.13millionand21.98millionrespectively,rankingfirstintheworld2.Withthefastgrowthofautoindustry,thetransportindustryhasbecomethelargestoilconsumerinChinawhere45.6%and60.7%ofthegasolineanddieselwasconsumedrespectivelyin20131.Thereareanumberoffactorsthataffecttheenergyconsump-tionoftheautoindustrysuchasexistingautotechnologies;existingpolicies,e.g.fuel-economypoliciesandenergy-savingspolicies35;socio-economicdevelopment6;energyefficiencystandards7;roadcondition8,9;car-followingmodels10;andtotalcostsofownership11.Thesignificantamountoffossilenergyconsumedbyautomobilesisassociatedwithaninevitableenvironmentalpollution12.AutoexhaustemissionhasbecomeoneofthemajorsourcesofairpollutioninChina.In2012,vehiclesexhaustemitted6.4milliontonnesofnitrogenoxides(NOx),4.38milliontonnesofhydrocarbons(HC),34.72milliontonnesofcarbonoxide(CO),and0.62milliontonnesofparticulatematters(PM)13.Vehiclesareresponsibleforabout90%ofNOxandPM,and70%ofHCandCOinChina14.Wang15projectedthatpassengercaremissionsin2020willreachCO1.12g/km,HC0.12g/km,NOx0.09g/km,PM100.018g/km,CO2214g/kmunderarecentpolicyscenario.Developingnewenergyvehicle(NEV)isapromisingwaytomitigatethedependenceofpetroleumfortheentireautoindustryandtoreduceemissionsofpollutants1621.Inthispaper,NEVisdefinedasthefour-wheelvehicleusingunconventionalvehiclefuelasthepowersource,whichincludeshybridvehicle(HV),batteryelectricalvehicle(BEV),fuelcellelectricvehicle(FCEV),hydrogenenginevehicle(HEV),dimethylethervehicle(DEV)andothernewenergy(e.g.highefficiencyenergystoragedevices)vehicles.NEVisalsooneofthemostimportantfutureroadtransporttechnologies22whichhasattractedagrowingattentionfromboththeindustryandaca-demics23,24.InChina,NEVplaysavitalroleinimplementingthesustain-abledevelopmentstrategy.Itreducesnotonlyfossilenergyconsumptionbutalsoairpollutantsemission25.TheChinesegovernmenthasdevotedtoreducethecarbonemissionintensityperunitofGDPin2020byupto45%comparedtothelevelofyear2005.Currently,coalfiredpowerplantsoccupy78.1%ofthetotalelectricityoutput.Newandrenewableenergiesaccountforaslowas9.4%oftheprimaryenergyconsumption1.Itwasprojectedthatnon-fossilenergywillaccountfor11.4%oftheprimaryenergyconsumptionandgenerate30%ofelectricityby201526.Theimprovedenergystructureandelectricitystructurewillbringmorepotentialforthereductionofcarbonemissionsbydevelop-ingNEV.Thisstudyreportsacriticalanalysisofthepolicies,thecurrentstatusandfuturedirectionsofChineseautoindustryandNEVindustry.ThefindingsprovideboththeoreticalandpracticalreferencesforthegovernmentstoformulatepoliciesinordertofurtherimprovetheautoindustryinChina.2.NewenergyvehiclesinChinaTheproductionofNEVsinChinawasnotcommenceduntil2005.TheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC)released“AnnouncementforVehicleManufacturersandProducts”inApril2005.Sincethen,thefirstCommercialVehiclePermitforDongfengHybrid-electricBusinApril200527,andthefirstPassengerCarPermitforHybrid-electricPRIUS,producedbyFAW-ToyotaCompanyintheendof2005wereapproved28.By16June2014,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT)hasissued58batchesof“DirectoryApplicationonRecom-mendedVehicleTypes”for“Energy-SavingandNEVinTypicalApplicationProject”.Atotalof1111vehicletypesarelistedofficially29.Fig.2showsthesalesvolumeandannualgrowthrateofNEVinChinabetween2006and2013.TheNEVmarketwasflatbetween2006and2008,evidencedbytheslightlyincreasedsalesvolume,arguablyduetotheconservativeattitudeofconsumersandcomparativelyhigherprice.Withthestimulationoftherelatedpoliciesfromgovernmentsaswellasthetendencyofdiversifica-tionofNEV,thesalesvolumeincreasedsignificantlysince2009.In2013,17.64thousandNEVsweresold.Itwasprojectedthatthesalesvolumewillreach35thousandin2014whichdoublesthevolumethanthepreviousyear30.However,thisvolumeisstilltoosmallcomparedtothetotalautomobilesales.Inparticular,02040608010012014016019801985199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013MillioncarsFig.1.AutomobilepopulationinChinafrom1980to2013.-0.200.20.40.60.811.20200040006000800010000120001400016000180002000020062007200820092010201120122013NumberofNEV%SalesvolumeGrowthrateFig.2.SalesvolumeandannualgrowthrateofNEVinChinabetween2006and2013.X.Yuanetal./RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews42(2015)298305299vastmajorityofthesesoldNEVsareusedforpublictransportservicessuchasurbanbuses.VeryfewprivatepassengercarsareNEVs.ItisbothachallengeandanopportunitytoincreasetheshareofNEVsinprivatepassengercarsconsideringthescaleofthesectorwhichtotaled317millionautomobilesin2013.TechnologicalfactorspresentoneofmostsignificantchallengestotheglobalNEVindustry.Chinaisnoexception.MIITenacted“AdmittanceManagementRulesforNewEnergyAutoManufactur-ingCompaniesandProducts”inJune200931.ThisregulationspecifiedthreetechnologicalstagesofNEVdevelopment,i.e.initialstage,developmentstageandmaturestage.ThisisbasedonthetechnologicalmaturityoffinishedNEV,relatedsystemandthekeyassemblytechnology;thematurityofnationalandindustrialstandards;andindustrializationlevels.AsshowninTable1,mostenergystoragedevicesarestillattheinitialstage.Fromthetechnologicalperspective,thereisalongwaytogoforthedevelopmentofNEVinChina.3.ThepolicyframeworkfordevelopingNEVinChina3.1.IndustrialpoliciesIndustrialpolicyisthecollectivepolicyinstrumentsissuedbythegovernmenttoregulateaspecificsector.Theguidanceofindustrialpolicywilldeterminethefuturedevelopmentofanindustry.TheindustrialpoliciesrelatedtoNEV
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