论文外文文献翻译3000字左右.pdf
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论文外文文献翻译3000字左右.pdf
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南京航空航天大学金城学院南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译系部系部经济系专业专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名学生姓名陈雅琼学号学号2011051115指导教师指导教师邓晶职称职称副教授2015年5月Economicpolicy,tourismtradeandproductivediversification(Excerpt)IzaLejrraga,PeterWalkenhorstThebroadlessonthatcanbeinferredfromtheanalysisisthatpromotingtourismlinkageswiththeproductivecapabilitiesofahostcountryisamulti-facetedapproachinfluencedbyavarietyofcountryconditions.Amongthese,fixedorsemi-fixedfactorsofproduction,suchasland,labor,orcapital,seemtohavearelativelyminorinfluence.Withinthedomainofnaturalendowments,onlyagriculturalcapitalemergedassignificant.Thisisaresultthatcorrespondstoexpectations,giventhatfoodsandbeveragesaretheprimarysourceofdemandinthetourismeconomy.Hence,investmentsinagriculturaltechnologymayfomentlinkageswiththetourismmarket.Itisalsoworthmentioningthatforsignificantbackwardlinkagestoemergewithlocalagriculture,alargerscaleoftourismmaybeimportant.Accordingtotheregressionresults,astrongtourismagriculturenexuswillnotnecessarilydevelopatasmallscaleoftourismdemand.Itappearsthatvariablesrelatedtotheentrepreneurialcapitalofthehosteconomyareofnotableexplanatorysignificance.Thehumandevelopmentindex(HDI),whichisusedtomeasureacountrysgenerallevelofdevelopment,issignificantlyandpositivelyassociatedwithtourismlinkages.Oneplausibleexplanationforthisisthatinternationaltourists,whooftenoriginateinhigh-incomecountries,mayfeelmorecomfortableandthusbeinclinedtoconsumemoreinahostcountrythathasalife-styletowhichtheycanrelateeasily.Moreover,itisimportanttorememberthattheHDIalsocapturestherelativeachievementsofcountriesinthelevelofhealthandeducationofthepopulation.Therefore,ahigherHDIreflectsahealthierandmoreeducatedworkforce,andthus,thequalityoflocalentrepreneurship.Relatedtothispoint,itisimportanttounderscorethatthelevelofparticipationofwomeninthehosteconomyalsohasasignificantlypositiveeffectonlinkages.Insum,enhancinglocalentrepreneurialcapitalmayexpandthelinkagesbetweentourismandothersectorsofthehostcountry.Formalinstitutionsandtheirregulatorycontrolofthemarket,proxiedbythesizeofthegovernmentandpricecontrols,werenotfoundtohavesignificanteffectsonlinkagesformation.Despitetheimportanceofdemocraticgovernance,thiswasnotidentifiedasakeydeterminanteither.Ontheotherhand,thesignificanceofinformalinstitutionsaccordswiththeclusteringdynamicsinherentintourism,inwhichlinkagesareformedonthebasisofself-enforcing“relations-based”governance.Also,informalstructurescostlessthanformal,rules-driveninstitutionalframeworksforentrepreneurship.Therefore,highlyformalizedregulationscandeterthespontaneousandcost-drivencoordinationamongpotentiallocalsuppliersandthepotentialbuyersofthetourismeconomy.Onetypeofformalinstitutionsthatdoesmatterispolicingandvigilance.Aswouldbeexpected,theresultsshowthatcountrieswithhigherincidenceofviolenceorcrimearesignificantlyassociatedwithlowerlevelsoftourismlinkages.Indeed,thecoordinationofprovidersintourismclustersdependsfundamentallyontrustamonglocalentrepreneursandtrustcanhardlyflourishinanenvironmentcharacterizedbysocialconflict.Equallyimportant,theperceptionofviolenceonthepartoftouristsandhotelswilldissuadetouristsfromventuringbeyondthesafeboundariesofthe“enclave”hotelresort.Finally,hotelmanagersandotherforeigninvestorsinthetourismeconomywillbelessinclinedtomaintainproductiverelationswiththehosteconomyintheabsenceofpredictabilityandstability.Therefore,investmentsininstitutionsthatmaintainsafetyandaperceptionofsafety,inthehosteconomyappearcriticalforspawningcoordination.Whileallcountrydomainsmaybeplayingaroleinfosteringorhinderinglinkages,thebusinessenvironmentseemstoexertanoverridinginfluenceonlinkages.Aftercontrollingforacountrysnaturalendowments,levelofdevelopment,andinstitutionalmaturity,thebusinessenvironmentonitsownexplainsalmost20%ofcross-countryvariationsinlinkages.Inparticular,thelevelofcorporatetaxesinthehosteconomyisassociatedwiththemostsignificantadverseeffectontheformationoflinkages,inconformitywiththelower-costmotivationunderlyingtourism-ledlinkagecreation.Also,awidespreadusageofinternetisalsosignificantlyassociatedwithapositiveeffectintheabilityofsupplierstoorchestratecoordinationintourismlinkages.Moreover,theresultssuggestthattherecouldbearoleforgovernmentinimprovingtradefacilitationandreducingtransportationcosts.Also,maintaininganopentraderegimeseemstobecriticalfortheemergenceoflinkages.Thisunderscorestheimportanceofnotprotectinginefficienteconomicactivitiesandopeningpotentialproductsfortourismdemandtocompetition.Althoughtradebarriersmayindeedservetoprodinvestorsinthetourismeconomytoprocuredomesticgoods,theywillalsohinderthecompetitivenessoflocalproducers.Shieldedfromimports,localproducerswillnothavetheincentivestomeettheinternationalqualitystandardsoftheproductsneededbythetourismeconomy.Yet,qualityexpectations,possiblymoresothancosts,willlikelyinformtheprocurementdecisionsofthetourismeconomy.Concerningtherelativemagnitudeoftheeffectsofthedifferentdomainsonlinkages,thebusinessenvironmentandtraderegulationsstandout.Theindependentcontributionsofthesedomains,thatistheirabilitytoexplainvariationsinthedependentvariablewhennocontrolsforotherdomainsareapplied,amountto53%and43%,respectively.Thelevel-of-developmentdomainfollowswith25%explanatorypower,whilethedomainscoveringinstitutionsandendowmentsprovideanindependentcontributionof23%each.Theimplicationsoftheanalysisshouldbeconsideredinlightofitslimitations.Causaldirectioncannotbefullysubstantiated,becauseweuseacross-sectionalapproachduetodatalimitations.Intheabsenceoftime-seriesforthevariablesathand,itisnotpossibletotestforcausation.Whiletheexplanatoryvariablesconcerningnaturalendowmentsareexogenous,someoftheotherexplanatoryvariablescouldpotentiallybesubjecttoreversecausality.Thatsaid,theredonotseemtobeaprioristrongconceptualreasonsthatwouldleadustobelievethatthedegreeoftourismlinkagescriticallyaffectstradepolicy,thequalityofinstitutions,andothervariablesofourmodel.Moreover,theriskofencounteringproblemsofreversecausalityismitigatedbytheobservationthatseverallongitudinalstudieshaveestablishedacausalrelationshipthatrunsfromhigherlevelsofeconomicdevelopmentEugenio-Martinetal.(2008)orabetterbusinessenvironment(Barrowclough,2007andSelvanathanetal.,2009)tothedevelopmentofthetourismsector,ratherthantheotherwayaround.Finally,theconstructionofthedependentvariableasaratioofindirecttodirecttourismexpendituremakesthereversecausalityhypothesislesscompelling.Whileitmightbeexpectedthatanexpansionofthetourismsectorthatincreasestotalrevenuesandemploymentopportunitiesmighthaveanimpactontheexplanatoryvariables,itislessevidentthatachangeinthecompositionoftourismrevenues,asimpliedbyachangeintheLINKvariable,wouldhavesuchaneffect.Thatsaid,theconfidenceinourfindingswouldclearlybefurtherenhanced,ifsupportedbyresultsfromfuturestudiesbasedonlongitudinaldesigns.ThescientificenvironmentalethicsplaysakeyroleintherecognitionofthehumanenvironmentinteractionsModernenvironmentalethicsisthephilosophicalrethinkingofmodernhumanraceenvironmentalbehaviorThedevelopmentofenvironmentalethicstheoryaswellasitsapplicationinrealitydeterminestheviewpointsofenvironmentalethicsSustainabledevelopmentimpliesharmonyonhuman-environmentinteractionsandintergenerationresponsibility,withemphasisonaharmoniousrelationshipamongpopulation,resources,environmentanddevelopment,soastolayasustainableandhealthyfoundationofresourcesandenvironmentforfuturegenerationsTheharmonioussocietyconstructioninChinathatisraisedbytheChinesecentralgovernmentshouldbecoveredbyenvironmentalethicsTheconnotationofopenenvironmentalethicsincludesarespectfornaturecarefortheindividualhumanraceandrespectforthedevelopmentoffuturegenerations,whichmeansgivingconsiderationtonaturalvaluesindividualandhumanracebenefitsandwelfareacrossgenerationsTheroleofenvironmentalethicsinregionaldevelopmentconsistsofcognition,criticism,education,inspiration,adjusting,legislationandpromotingenvironmentalregulationsThemajorproblemsinregionaldevelopmentareextensiveresourceexploration,fastpopulationgrowthirrational,industrialstructure.UnfairwelfaredistributionandthetwofoldeffectsofscienceandtechnologydevelopmentTheformulationofenvironmentalethicsthataimsatregionalsustainabledevelopment,cannotonlyharmonizetherelationshipofpopulation,resource,environmentandeconomicdevelopment,butalsoguidebehaviorselection,pushsocialandpoliticalsystemtransformation.strengthenthelegalsystem,andraiseenvironmentalawarenessofthepublicHumanracesfacesevereglobalchallengesinresources,environment,populationandpovertyTosolvetheseproblemsscienceandtechnologyshouldbedevelopedononehand,andhuman-environmentinteractionsshouldbeadjustedontheotherhandModemenvironmentalethicsisthephilosophicalreviewonmodemhumanraceenvironmentalbehaviorEnvironmentalethicscanbeaviewpointasthemoralperceptionoftherelationshipbetweenhumankindandnatureingeneralThekeystoneofsustainabledevelopmentisonharmonioushumanenvironmentinteractionswithanemphasisonsustain
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