THE OLYMPIAN1.docx
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THE OLYMPIAN1.docx
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THEOLYMPIAN1
THEOLYMPIANS-GREEKPANTHEON
Pantheon:
AcirculartempleinRome,completedin27b.c.anddedicatedtoallthegods.
万神殿罗马圆形神庙,公元前27年完工,供奉所有的神
Godsassembled:
InthelinebehindandfromlefttorightisfirstHades,holdinghistwo-forkedscepter,themotherofthegodsRhea1,andbetweenherandHeraisHera'speacock.Zeussitsinthemiddlewiththeeagleathisfeetholdingthethunderboltinhishand.
TohisrightsitsCronos,andstandingareAthenaandApollo.UnderthelatterArtemis,withahalf-moonadorninghishead,isseenholdingherbow.InthefirstlineandfromlefttorightDionysus2isseenreclining.AresinarmoursitsclosetoAphroditewholooksatEros-Cupid-ashecomestowardsher.InthefarrightsitsPoseidonholdinghistrident.
TheinformationbelowisbasedonGreekMythologyandcannotbeproven.
Aphrodite:
(爱与美的女神)=Roman(Venus)
Aphroditeisthegoddessoflove,desireandbeauty.Aphroditegovernsdesireandsexuality.
SheisalsoknownasCytherea,Cypris,andVenus(Roman).
Sheisoftenpicturedwithascepter节杖oramirror.Inadditiontohernaturalgiftsshehasamagicalgirdle腰带thatcompelsanyoneshewishestodesireher.Therearetwoaccountsofherbirth.OnesayssheisthedaughterofZeusandDione(土卫四).TheothergoesbacktowhenCronus(ATitanwhoruledtheuniverseuntildethronedbyhissonZeus.
克罗诺斯希腊神话中的一个提坦,在被他的儿子宙斯废黜之前一直统治着宇宙)castratedUranus(Theearliestsupremegod,apersonificationofthesky,whowasthesonandconsortofGaeaandthefatheroftheCyclopesandTitans.优利纳斯神最早的至上的神,是天的化身,是大地女神的儿子和配偶,是希克罗比斯和泰坦们的父亲)andtossedhisseveredgenitalsintothesea.Aphroditethenarosefromtheseafoamonagiantscallop(扇贝)andwalkedtoshoreinCyprus.
SheisthewifeofHephaestus(Thegodoffireandmetalworking.赫菲斯托斯火和锻冶之神).Themyrtleishertree.Thedove,theswan,andthesparrowherbirds.
HersonisEros.Erosisthegodoflove.Inparticularerotic,romantic,love.Heisoftenrepresentedblindfoldedbecause,loveisoftenblind.His"weapon"isdartsorarrows.IneithercasethetipshavebeenmagicallytreatedtoproduceeitheruncontrollableloveorinsurmountabledisinterestedinthefirstpersonseenbeEros'svictimafterwounding.
Vocabularyconcerned:
Apollo:
ApolloisthesonofZeusandLeto.HistwinsisterisArtemis.Heisthegodofmusic,playingagoldenlyre.TheArcher,farshootingwithasilverbow.Thegodofhealingwhotaughtmanmedicine.Thegodoflight.Thegodoftruth,whocannotspeakalie.OneofApollo'smoreimportantdailytasksistoharnesshischariotwithfourhorsesandrivetheSunacrossthesky.HeisfamousforhisoracleatDelphi.PeopletraveledtoitfromallovertheGreekworldtodivinethefuture.Histreewasthelaurel.Thecrowhisbird.Thedolphinhisanimal.
Ares:
AresisthesonofZeusandHera.Hewasdislikedbybothparents.Heisthegodofwar.Heisconsideredmurderousandbloodstainedbut,alsoacoward.WhencaughtinanactofadulterywithAphroditeherhusbandHephaestusisablepubliclyridiculehim.Hisbirdisthevulture.Hisanimalisthedog.
Artemis:
ArtemisisthedaughterofZeusandLeto.HertwinbrotherisApollo.Sheistheladyofthewildthings.Sheisthehuntsmanofthegods.Sheistheprotectoroftheyoung.LikeApolloshehuntswithsilverarrows.Shebecameassociatedwiththemoon.Sheisavirgingoddess,andthegoddessofchastity.Shealsopresidesoverchildbirth,whichmayseemoddforavirgin,butgoesbacktocausingLetonopainwhenshewasborn.ShebecameassociatedwithHecate.Thecypressishertree.Allwildanimalsarescaredtoher,especiallythedeer.
Athena:
AthenaisthedaughterofZeus.Shesprangfullgrowninarmorfromhisforehead,thushasnomother.Sheisfierceandbraveinbattlebut,onlyfightstoprotectthestateandhomefromoutsideenemies.Sheisthegoddessofthecity,handicrafts,andagriculture.Sheinventedthebridle,whichpermittedmantotamehorses,thetrumpet,theflute,thepot,therake,theplow,theyoke,theship,andthechariot.Sheistheembodimentofwisdom,reason,andpurity.ShewasZeus'sfavoritechildandwasallowedtousehisweaponsincludinghisthunderbolt.HerfavoritecityisAthens.Hertreeistheolive.Theowlisherbird.Sheisavirgingoddess.
Demeter:
Demeteristhegoddessoffertility,corn,grain,andtheharvest.
ShehasbeenrepresentedholdingSheavesofCorn,PoppiesandSnakes.ThesesymbolsrelatetoDemeter'snatureasagoddessoffertilityanddivinityoftheearth.
SheisthedaughterofCronusandRhea.ItisDemeterthatmakesthecropsgroweachyear.Thefirstloafofbreadfromtheharvestissacrificedtoher.
Demeterisintimatelyassociatedwiththeseasons.HerdaughterPersephonewasabductedbyHadestobehiswifeintheunderworld.Inherangeratherdaughter'slossDemeterlaidacurseontheworldthatcausedplantstowitheranddie,thelandbecamedesolate.ZeusbecamealarmedandsoughtPersephone'sreturn.However,becauseshehadeatenwhileintheunderworldHadeshadaclaimonher.Therefore,itwasdecreedthatPersephonewouldspendfourmonthseachyearintheunderworld.DuringthesemonthsDemetergrievesherdaughtersabsence,andwithdrawshergiftsfromtheworld,creatingwinter.Herreturnbroughtthespring.
DemeterisalsoknownforfoundingtheEleusinianMysteries.Thesewerehugefestivalsheldeveryfiveyears.Theywereimportanteventsformanycenturies.Yet,littleisknownofthemasthoseattendingweresworntosecrecy.Thecentraltenantseemstohavebeenthatjustasgrainreturnseveryspringafteritsharvestandwinterydeath,sotoothehumansoulcouldberebornafterthedeathofthebody.
Dionysus:
Dionysusisthegodofthevine.Heinventedwineandspreadtheartoftendinggrapes.Hehasadualnature.Ontheonehandbringingjoyanddivineecstasy.Ontheotherbrutal,unthinking,rage.Thusreflectingbothsidesofwinesnature.IfhechoosesDionysuscandriveamanmad.Nonormalfetterscanholdhimorhisfollowers.
DionysusisthesonofZeusandSemele.Heistheonlygodtohaveamortalparent.ZeuscametoSemeleinthenight,invisible,feltonlyasadivinepresence.Semelewaspleasedtobealoverofagod,eventhoughshedidnotknowwhichone.WordsoongotaroundandHeraquicklyassumedwhowasresponsible.HerawenttoSemeleindisguiseandconvincedhersheshouldseeherloverashereallywas.WhenZeusnextcametohershemadehimpromisetograntheronewish.ShewentsofarastomakehimswearontheRiverStyxthathewouldgrantherrequest.Zeuswasmadlyinloveandagreed.Shethenaskedhimtoshowherhistrueform.Zeus,wasunhappy,andknewwhatwouldhappenbut,havingswornhehadnochoice.HeappearedinhistrueformandSemelewasinstantlyburnttoacrispbythesightofhisglory.ZeusdidmanagetorescueDionysusandstitchedhimintohisthightoholdhimuntilhewasreadytobeborn.HisbirthfromZeusaloneconferredimmortalityuponhim.
DionysusproblemswithHerawerenotyetover.ShewasstilljealousandarrangedfortheTitanstokillhim.TheTitansrippedhimintotopieces.However,Rheabroughthimbacktolife.AfterthisZeusarrangedforhisprotectionandturnedhimoverthemountainnymphstoberaised.
Dionysuswanderedtheworldactivelyencouraginghiscult.HewasaccompaniedbytheMaenads,wildwomen,flushwithwine,shouldersdrapedwithafawnskin,carryingrodstippedwithpinecones.WhileothergodshadtemplesthefollowersofDionysusworshippedhiminthewoods.Heretheymightgointomadstateswheretheywouldripapartandeatrawanyanimaltheycameupon.
Dionysusisalsooneoftheveryfewthatwasabletobringadeadpersonoutoftheunderworld.EventhoughhehadneverseenSemelehewasconcernedforher.Eventuallyhejourneyedintotheunderworldtofindher.HefaceddownThanatosandbroughtherbacktoMountOlympus.
Dionysusbecameoneofthemostimportantgodsineverydaylife.Hebecameassociatedwithseveralkeyconcepts.Onewasrebirthafterdeath.HerehisdismembermentbytheTitansandreturntolifeissymbolicallyechoedintendingvines,wherethevinesmustbeprunedbacksharply,andthenbecomedormantinwinterforthemtobearfruit.Theotheristheideathatundertheinfluenceofwine,onecouldfeelpossessedbyagreaterpower.UnliketheothergodsDionysuswasnotonlyoutsidehisbelieversbut,alsowithinthem.Atthesetimesamanmightbegreaterthenhimselfanddoworksheotherwisecouldnot.
ThefestivalforDionysusisinthespringwhentheleavesbegintoreappearonthevine.Itbecameoneofthemostimportanteventsoftheyear.It'sfocusbecamethetheater.MostofthegreatGreekplayswereinitiallywrittentobeperformedatthefeastofDionysus.Allwhotookpartwriters,actors,spectatorswereregardedasscaredservantsofDionysusduringthefestival.
Hades:
HadeswasGodoftheUnderworld.Heisknownunderseveralothernames:
Pluto2,Aedoneus,OrcusandDis.ItissaidthatHadeswasworshippedonlyinElis.
Hepossessedahelmet,whichwasgiventohimbytheCYCLOPES.ThishelmetrenderedthewearerinvisibleandsometimesHadeslentittobothgodsandmen.Perseus1putthehelmetonhisheadwhenhewenttokillMedusa1andHermes,wearingthehelmet,foughttheGIANTS.AthenaatTroyputonthehelmetofHades,sothatAresshouldnotseeher.
HadesisthebrotherofZeus.AftertheoverthrowoftheirFatherCronushedrewlotswithZeusandPoseidon,anotherbrother,forsharesoftheworld.Hehadtheworstdrawandwasmadelordoftheunderworld,rulingoverthedead.Heisagreedyg
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