Michael Harrington.docx
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Michael Harrington.docx
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MichaelHarrington
MichaelHarrington
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
MichaelHarrington
ChairmanofDemocraticSocialistsofAmerica
Inoffice
1982–1989
Personaldetails
Born
February24,1928
St.Louis,Missouri
Died
July31,1989(1989-07-31)(aged 61)
Spouse(s)
StephanieGervis
Occupation
Politician
Author
Religion
Atheist
EdwardMichael"Mike"Harrington(February24,1928 —July31,1989)wasanAmericandemocraticsocialist,writer,politicalactivist,professorofpoliticalscience,radiocommentatorandfounderoftheDemocraticSocialistsofAmerica.
Biography
Personallife
MichaelHarringtonwasborninSt.Louis,Missouri,onFebruary24,1928.HeattendedSt.RochCatholicSchoolandSaintLouisUniversityHighSchool,wherehewasaclassmate(classof1944)ofThomasAnthonyDooleyIII.HelaterattendedtheCollegeoftheHolyCross,theUniversityofChicago(MAinEnglishLiterature),andYaleLawSchool.Asayoungman,hewasinterestedinbothleftwingpoliticsandCatholicism.Fittingly,hejoinedDorothyDay'sCatholicWorkermovement,apacifistgroupthatadvocatedaradicalinterpretationoftheGospel.Aboveallelse,Harringtonwasanintellectual.Helovedarguingaboutcultureandpolitics,preferablyoverbeer,andhisJesuiteducationmadehimafinedebaterandrhetorician.
HarringtonmarriedStephanieGervis,afreelancewriterandstaffwriterfortheVillageVoice,onMay30,1963.[1]HediedonJuly31,1989ofcancer.[2]
Religiousbeliefs
HarringtonwasaneditorofTheCatholicWorkerfrom1951to1953.However,Harringtonbecamedisillusionedwithreligionand,althoughhewouldalwaysretainacertainaffectionforCatholicculture,heultimatelybecameanatheist.[3]
In1978theChristianCenturyquotedhimthus:
"Iamapiousapostate,anatheistshockedbythefaithlessnessofthebelievers,afellowtravelerofmoderateCatholicismwhohasbeenoutofthechurchfor20years."
Becomingasocialist
ThisestrangementfromreligionwasaccompaniedbyagrowinginterestinMarxismandadrifttowardsecularsocialism.AfterleavingTheCatholicWorkerHarringtonbecameamemberoftheIndependentSocialistLeague,asmallorganizationassociatedwiththeformerTrotskyistleaderMaxShachtman.HarringtonandShachtmanbelievedthatsocialism,whichintheirviewpromisedajustandfullydemocraticsociety,couldnotberealizedunderauthoritarianCommunismandtheywerebothfiercelycriticalofthe"bureaucraticcollectivist"statesinEasternEuropeandelsewhere.
HarringtonbecameamemberofNormanThomas'sSocialistPartywhentheSPagreedtoabsorbShachtman'sorganization.HarringtonbackedtheShachtmaniterealignmentstrategyofworkingwithintheDemocraticPartyratherthanrunningcandidatesonaSocialistticket.[4]
Socialistleader
HarringtonservedasthefirsteditorofNewAmerica,theofficialweeklynewspaperoftheSocialistParty-SocialDemocraticFederationlaunchedinOctober1960.
DuringthisperiodHarringtonwroteTheOtherAmerica:
PovertyintheUnitedStates,abookthathadanimpactontheKennedyadministration,andonLyndonB.Johnson'ssubsequentWaronPoverty.Harringtonbecameawidelyreadintellectualandpoliticalwriter.HewouldfrequentlydebatenotedconservativesbutwouldalsoclashwiththeyoungerradicalsintheNewLeftmovements.Hewaspresentatthe1962SDSconferencethatledtothecreationofthePortHuronStatement,wherehearguedthatthefinaldraftwasinsufficientlyanti-Communist.ArthurM.Schlesinger,Sr.referredtoHarringtonasthe"onlyresponsibleradical"inAmerica.HishighprofilelandedhimonthemasterlistofNixonpoliticalopponents.[5]
Byearly1970s,thegoverningfactionoftheSocialistPartycontinuedtosupportanegotiatedpeacetoendtheVietnamWar,apositionthatHarringtonincreasinglyviewedasnolongerviable.Themajoritychangedtheorganization'snametoSocialDemocrats,USA.Afterlosingattheconvention,HarringtonresignedandledhisformercaucustoformtheDemocraticSocialistOrganizingCommittee.AsmallerfactionassociatedwithpeaceactivistDavidMcReynoldsformedtheSocialistPartyUSA.
Intheearly1980sTheDemocraticSocialistOrganizingCommitteemergedwiththeNewAmericanMovement,anorganizationofNewLeftactivists,formingDemocraticSocialistsofAmerica.ThisorganizationremainstheprincipalU.S.affiliateoftheSocialistInternational,whichincludessocialistpartiesasdiverseastheSwedishandGermanSocialDemocrats,Nicaragua'sFSLN,andtheBritishLabourParty.[6]
Academicianandpublicintellectual
HarringtonwasappointedaprofessorofpoliticalscienceatQueensCollegein1972andwasdesignatedadistinguishedprofessorin1988.Duringthe1980shecontributedcommentariestoNationalPublicRadio.[7]Hewasthemostwell-knownsocialistintheUnitedStatesduringhislifetime.[8]Inthe1970shecoinedthetermneoconservatism.[9]
Legacy
TheCityUniversityofNewYorkhasestablished"TheMichaelHarringtonCenterforDemocraticValuesandSocialChange".[10]
Mediaappearances
∙MichaelHarringtonwasanoccasionalwriterforTheNewYorkReviewofBooks.
∙HeappearedasaguestspeakerontheseriesFreetoChoose.HesoughttorebutsomeofMiltonFriedman'stheoriesoffreemarket.
∙In1966heappearedonWilliamFrankBuckley,Jr.'sFiringLine,whereheexplainedhisviewsonpoverty,whilealsoengagingBuckleyindebateregardinggovernmentattemptstoaddresspovertyanditsconsequences.
Bibliography
∙TheOtherAmerica:
PovertyintheUnitedStates.NewYork:
Macmillan,1962.
∙TheRetailClerks.NewYork:
JohnWiley,1962.
∙TheAccidentalCentury.NewYork:
Macmillan,1965.
∙TheSocial-IndustrialComplex.NewYork:
LeagueforIndustrialDemocracy,1968.
∙TowardaDemocraticLeft:
ARadicalProgramforaNewMajority.NewYork:
Macmillan,1968.
∙Socialism.NewYork:
SaturdayReviewPress,1972.
∙FragmentsoftheCentury:
ASocialAutobiography.NewYork:
SaturdayReviewPress,1973.
∙TwilightofCapitalism.NewYork:
Simon&Schuster,1977.
∙TheVastMajority.NewYork:
Simon&Schuster,1977.
∙TaxPolicyandtheEconomy:
ADebatebetweenMichaelHarringtonandRepresentativeJackKemp,April25,1979.NewYork:
InstituteforDemocraticSocialism,1979.
∙DecadeofDecision:
TheCrisisoftheAmericanSystem.NewYork:
Touchstone,1981.
∙TheNextAmerica:
TheDeclineandRiseoftheUnitedStates.NewYork:
Touchstone,1981.
∙ThePoliticsatGod'sFuneral:
TheSpiritualCrisisofWesternCivilization.NewYork:
HenryHolt,1983.
∙TheNewAmericanPoverty.NewYork:
Holt,Rinehart,Winston,1984.
∙TakingSides:
TheEducationofaMilitantMind.NewYork:
Holt,Rinehart,Winston,1985.
∙TheNextLeft:
TheHistoryofaFuture.NewYork:
HenryHolt,1986.
∙TheLongDistanceRunner:
AnAutobiography.NewYork:
HenryHolt,1988.
∙Socialism:
Past&Future.NewYork:
ArcadePublishing,1989.
BooksaboutMichaelHarrington
∙Isserman,Maurice(2001)TheOtherAmerican:
TheLifeofMichaelHarrington.NewYork:
PerseusBooks.
Themiddleclassisanyclassofpeopleinthemiddleofasocietalhierarchy.InWeberiansocio-economicterms,themiddleclassisthebroadgroupofpeopleincontemporarysocietywhofallsocio-economicalybetweentheworkingclassandupperclass.
Thecommonmeasuresofwhatconstitutesmiddleclassvarysignificantlybetweencultures.InurbanIndia,forexample,afamilyisconsideredmiddleclassifitresidesinanowner-occupiedproperty.IntheUnitedStates,manyfamilieswheretheprimaryincome-earnerisemployedinabluecollarjobconsiderthemselvesmiddleclass,wheninfacttheyareworkingclassbytheclassicWeberiandefinition;thismaybeencouragedbypoliticiansconsciousofthefactthattheterm"workingclass"isseenasunflatteringintheUSA.
ThisisincontrasttotheUnitedKingdom,wheretheterm"workingclass"canbeseenascarryingitsownculturalstatus.Herethetermmiddleclassimpliesthosepeoplewhotypicallyhavehadagoodeducation,ownafamilyhouse,andholdamanagerialorprofessionalpost.Thoseholdingaseniorroleinaprofessionorownership/directorshipofacorporationmayberegardedasuppermiddleclass,butinEnglandthisisasmuchdependentonbackgroundandeducation.Theupperclassisgenerallyregardedasthearistocracyandlandedgentry;veryrichfinanciersbuycountryestatesinordertoqualify.Itwascommonlyheldthattojointhelandedgentryrequiredadistanceofleastthreegenerationsfromthetimeatwhichmoneywasmade(especiallyifthroughtrade)andthatthoseenteringintoitsrankacquiredthemannersandmoresofthosealreadyestablished.[1]
Apersistentsourceofconfusionsurroundingtheterm"middleclass"derivespredominantlyfromtherebeingnosetcriteriaforsuchadefinition.Fromaneconomicperspective,forexample,membersofthemiddleclassdonotnecessarilyfallinthemiddleofasociety'sincomedistribution.Instead,middleclasssalariestendtobedeterminedbymiddleclassoccupations,whichinturnareattainedbymeansofmiddleclassvalues.Thus,individualswhomightfallinthemiddlegroundonasocietalhierarchyasdefinedbysociologistsdonotnecessarilyfallintoamiddlegroundonaneconomichierarchyasdefinedbyeconomists.Asaresult,intuitivecolloquialandjournalisticusageofthetermcastsawidenetanddoesnotnecessarilycoincidewithanacademicsociologicaloreconomicdefinition.
Historyandevolutionoftheterm
Theterm"middleclass"hasalonghistory[citationneeded]andhashadseveral,sometimescontradictory,meanings.Itwasoncedefinedbyexceptionasanintermediatesocialclassbetweenthenobilityandthepea
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