rcitiquing the city envisionning the country shen congwens urban fction外文文献及译文大学论文.docx
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rcitiquing the city envisionning the country shen congwens urban fction外文文献及译文大学论文.docx
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rcitiquingthecityenvisionningthecountryshencongwensurbanfction外文文献及译文大学论文
毕业论文
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目:
Critiquingthecity,envision-
ningthecountry:
ShenCongwen’surbanfiction
文献、资料来源:
斯普林格
文献、资料发表(出版)日期:
2009.11.25
学院:
文学院
专业:
汉语言文学
班级:
2011级2班
姓名:
xx
学号:
xxxx
指导教师:
xxx
翻译日期:
2015年03月30日
Critiquingthecity,envisioningthecountry:
ShenCongwen’surbanfiction
JieLu
Publishedonline:
25November2009
_Akade´miaiKiado´,Budapest,Hungary2009
TheessaystudiesShenCongwen’surbanfictionsintheliterarycontextsofhisnative-soilfictionandcontemporaryurbanfictionbytheShanghaischoolinmodernChineseliterature.ItarguesthatShenCongwen’surbanandruralwritingsdemonstrateaprofoundirony:
hisperceptionofthedisappearingruralidyllicandhispanoramicrepre-sentationareachievedthroughamodernsensibilityaswellashisdisenchantmentwiththecity,whilehisurbanimagining/representationbetraysanagrarianistdistrustofthecitypartofanage-oldanti-urbanConfucianthinking.Hisambivalentattitudetowardsmodernityalsobetraysasenseoflossintermsofhishistoricalpositionregardinghowtounderstandfundamentalchangesofhistimeasepitomizedbythecity.Nevertheless,Shen’surbanfictionhasregisteredtheinitialeffortsinmodernChineseliteratureincomingtogripsofthemoderncityasitwasemergingfromitstraditionalformtobecomethelocusofmodernityandsiteoffundamentalsocioeconomicandculturaltransformation..
ShenCongwen(1902–1988)isoneofthemostimportantnovelistsinmodernChineseliterature.Productiveandversatile,ShenCongwenworkedinmanygenresrangingfrompoetry,shortstories,novellas,andnovels,toessays,andhasproducedvolumesofworktouchingallkindsofsubjectssuchasmilitarylife,ruralfolks,Miaoethnicpeople,familylife,urbanitesandintellectuals.HismagnumopusincludesBorderTown,LongRiver,Xiaoxiao,RandomSketchesonaTriptoHunan,CongwenAutobiography,andmanycollectionsofshortstories.Shenisbest-knownforhisportrayalsofruralWestHunan—anidylliccountrybothrealandimaginative—withitslocalflavors,aboriginalcustoms,picturesquelandscape,extraordinarylifestyles,festiveconventions,linguisticcodes,andmostofall,itscolorfulandrusticfigurespossessing‘‘divinequality’’(Wang1992,p.256),virilityandmoralpurity.HisruralwritingsalsodemonstrateaprofoundlyricalqualityandpoeticsensibilitythatarehighlytreasuredintheChineseliterarycreation.Heisoftenregardedasaforefatherofroot-seekingornative-soilliteratureinChina.
CriticstendtofocusonhiswritingsonWestHunan,thatis,hisruralwritings,asiftheyweremostrepresentative.However,ShenCongwenhaswrittenalmostasmuchonurbanthemes;infacthisurbanfictionconstitutesabouthalfofhiscompleteworks,whichisveryuniqueamongmodernChinesewriters.Admittedly,hisurbanfictionsarenotasimaginativeandpoeticashisruralfictions,andtheurbanscenesdepictedarenotasfascinatingandexoticashisbelovedWestHunan.Incontrasttohisruralwritings,hisurbanfictionsalsolackthekindofaurapossessedbyhisruralworks,andarebanalandformulaicintheirrepresentationofanurbanworldfilledwithphysicallyandpsychologicallydistortedandspirituallyimpotentmenandwomen.Yet,itistheoppositionbetweentheruralandurbanthatinformshisunderstandingandrepresentingboththecityandtherural.Hisrepresentationofruralfolksandpastoralsceneriesexpresseshismoralidealism.SheneulogizesthehealthyandelegantwayoflifeandhumaneandharmoniousrelationshipamongruralpeopleincontrasttotheurbanworldrepresentedastheOtherofhisutopianWestHunan—corruptedanddecadent.Shenhimselfrepeatedlyemphasizesthatheisessentiallyacountryman,andthatitisfromtheruralperspectivethatheobservesandevaluatesurbansocietyanditspeople.Ironically,however,itisexactlythemoderncultural/existential
conditionepitomizedbythe‘‘fallen’’citythatmakesitpossibleforShenCongwentoimagineandenvisionhisutopianWestHunan.Inotherwords,itisnotthemoderncityanditsculturethathavefallenfromtheruralutopia.RatherhisatemporalWestHunanderivesitsmeaningandmoralauthoritybycontrastwithtemporalurbanculture.TheironyalsoliesatthepersonallevelofShen’slife.AsDavidWangacutelypointsout,itisonlyafterShenhasbeenuprootedfromthesoilthathecherishesanddeniedfromanypossibilityofcompleteunderstandingthathevalueshisruralhome.Thisdisplacementismorethanphysical;itisintellectualandemotionalaswell(Wang1991,p.248).Thusitistheurbanexperiencesthatconstitutethestructureandgroundworkofhisuprootedness.Furthermore,thispointstoaparadoxicalrelationshipbetweenhisruralandurbanperspectives:
hecanonlyre-imagineandre-presenttheidyllicwhenlivingawayinurbanspace—itisamodernsensibilityandmilieuthatinformhisruralimagining;nevertheless,hecritiquesthecityfromhisimaginedpastoralidealism.
ThisessayexaminesselectedurbanfictionsofShenCongwenintheliterarycontextsofhisnative-soilfictionandcontemporaryurbanfictionbytheShanghaischool,andarguesthatthatthereexistcontradictoryimpulsesinShen’srepresentationofthecity.Thecoexistenceofdenialandcontrolcanbeseenintheabsenceofurbangeographicandpublicspaceandalmostexclusivefocusoninteriority.ToShen,thispaperargues,thefundamentalproblemofthecityliesinitscrisisof‘‘lifeforce’’—thelackofnaturalvirilityinbothmenandwomenofthecity—therootcausefortheirmoraldegeneration.Thusincontrasttothenaturalenvironmentinhisruralwritings,theurbaninterioritystandsforemasculatingpressureanddevitalizingeffectsoftheurbanlife.Nevertheless,Shen’scitycanhardlybecalledamoderncity,norisitapurelytraditionalone;itismoreanextensionoftherural,orarural–urbancontinuumthatcharacterizestraditionalChineseurban–ruralspace.Thisambivalentspacesomehowrendershisurbancritiquelessfocusedonmodernitypersethanonthetransitionalcitythatencompassesbothtraditionalandmodernfeatures.Ontheotherhand,ifthereexistsadeepmelancholyinhisgentleandpoeticwritingsonWestHunan(Wang1991,p.249),thenhisnegationofthemoderncitybetraysaprofoundcityphobiaandanxietiesaboutthethreatthattheemergingmodernurbancultureposestotraditionalmoralvaluesandindividualidentity,aswellasperplexitiesabouturbaneligibility.Shen’sruralidealismispartlyanarticulationoftheage-oldanti-urbantradition.Ironicallyhowever,tolabelShensimplyasaruralintellectualislessthanaccurate,forhisimaginativeandnostalgicrepresentationofthepastoralandhismelancholyatitsimpendinglosscanonlybeproduced,perceivedandfeltbyasophisticatedmodernsensibility.
Cityasinteriority
Shen’surbanfictionexhibitsastronganti-urbanbias,andisvirtuallythenegativeOtherofhisruralwritingonWestHunan.Ingeneral,hisfictiontranslatesthedichotomyofcountryandcityinmoraltermsofgoodandevil.Criticismtendstoexaminethisdichotomymainlyintermsofcharacterizationandfamilyandloverelationships.Forinstance,mosturbanitesinShen’sfictionsarephysicallyill.ToShen,theurbaniteandthesickpersonarealmostsynonymous(Wang1998,p.88).Theurbanpeoplearesufferingsuchproblemsastuberculoses,mentaldisorder,insomnia,andweaknerves.Forinstance,intheshortstory‘‘Sansan,’’theurbanyouthwhovisitsthecountrysidehasapalewhiteface,isdressedinwhite,andsuffersfromtheadvancedstageoftuberculoses.Asoneofhisruralcharactersin‘‘Sansan’’comments,‘‘Whocanbesureofallthosenamesfordiseasescityfolkhave?
Ifyouaskme,citypeopleliketogetsick—that’swhytheyhaveallthosenamesfordiseases.Outherewecan’tstopworkingjustonaccountofillness,soapartfrommalariawejustgetfeversandtheruns.Allthosediseaseswiththefancynameshaven’tevercometothecountryside’’(Kinkley2004,p.140).Thusin‘‘PortraitsofEightSteeds’’(Shen2002c,Vol.8,pp.197–225),theuniversityprofessorssuffereitherinsomniaordysfunctionalkidney,whilein‘‘AGentleman’sWife’’(Shen2002a,Vol.6,pp.213–242),thehusbandisparalyzedandsexuallyimpotent.
ToShen,whatisfundamentallylackingintheurbanitesisthelifeforce.Thesepeoplecannottranscendtheirtrivialandquotidianliving,andtheirsensesaredulledbytheirimmediatematerialgainsandinterests.Physicalweaknessisonlyanoutwardmanifestationofpsychologicalandspirituallassitudeofthecitypeople,‘‘especiallythosewholivedthelifeofascholarorintellectual.Mostofthemwerelazy,overcautious,stingy,andmeanwhilemalnourishedandwithoutsufficientsleepandfertility’’(Shen1998,p.240).Theirmoraldegenerationandculturaldecadencearespecificallyreflectedandembodiedintheloveandfamilyrelationships.Freeloveandmarriage,oneofthecoreideasadvocatedandpromotedbytheMayFourthCulturalMovementintheearly20s,arereplacedbyalovelesscommodityexchangedifferentonlyinformfromthetraditionallyarrangedmarriage.Thiscommoditytransaction,likeitspatriarchalcounterpart,putswomeninadisadvantagedandpowerlessposition,andthuscreatestragediesandtwistedmentalities.In‘‘ALadyoftheCity,’’thebeautifulandgracefulheroine,thoughborninanordinaryfamily,attractsallgentlemenoftheupperclass.Aftergoingthroughallkindsofbitterexperiences—asaprostituteandconcubine,shesuffersdeepsorrowandfear.Shefinallygainsthetrueloveofa
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