英语考研试题.docx
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英语考研试题.docx
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英语考研试题
英语考研试题
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section IUseofEnglish
Directions:
ﻫRead thefollowingtext.Choose thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand mark[A], [B],[C]or [D]on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10points)
In1924American’National ResearchCouncilsent to engineersto superviseaseriesof industrialexperimentsat a largetelephone-partsfactory calledtheHawthorePlantnear Chicago.It hopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity. Instead,the studiesended __2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,the extremelyinfluential ideathatthe very___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchanged subjects’behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behavior of the womenintheHawthorneplant.According to__5____oftheexperments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhen lightingwasincreased,butalso whenitwasdimmed.It didnot__6____what wasdonein theexperiment; ___7_somethingwas changed,productivityrose.A(n)___8___thatthey were beingexperimented uponseemedtobe____9___to alterworkers’behavior____10____itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere _11__toeconometric theanalysis. TheHawthorneexperimentshave anothersurprise instore:
_12 __the descriptionson record, nosystematic_13__wasfound thatlevelsofreproductivitywererelatedtochanges inlighting.ﻫItturnsoutthatparticularwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveled to__14__interpretationofwhat happed.__15___, lighting wasalways changedonaSunday .When workstarted againon Monday,output__16___ rosecomparedwith theprevious Saturdayand__17_to risefor thenext couple ofdays.__18__acomparisonwith datafor weekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday. Workers__19__ tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysofthe weekingweekinanycase,before__20__aplateau and then slackeningoff. Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect “ ishard topindown.
1.[A]affected[B]achieved [C] extracted [D]restored
2.[A]at[B]up[C] with [D]offﻫ3.[A]truth[B]sight [C]act [D]proofﻫ4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguousﻫ5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts[D]assessments
6.[A] conclude[B] matter [C] indicate [D]work
7.[A]asfaras [B] forfearthat [C]incasethat [D]solongsoﻫ8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C] sentiment[D]illusion
9. [A]suitable[B]excessive [C]enough[D]abundant
10.[A]about [B]for[C]on [D]by
11.[A]compared[B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyedﻫ12.[A]contrary to [B] consistentwith[C]parallelwith [D]pealliartoﻫ13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]sourceﻫ14. [A]disputable [B]enlightening[C]reliable [D]misleading ﻫ15. [A] Incontrast [B]Forexample [C]Inconsequence [D]Asusual
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably [D]suddenly ﻫ17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued ﻫ20.[A]breaking[B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
SectionIIReading Comprehension
PartA
Directions:
Read the followingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbelow eachtext bychoosing [A], [B], [C]or [D]. Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1. (40 points)
Text1
Text2
Over the pastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhat arecalledbusiness methods.Amazon.comreceivedoneforits “one-click”onlinepayment system.Merrill Lynch gotlegalprotectionfor anassetallocationstrategy. Oneinventor patentedatechniqueforliftingabox. ﻫNowthe nation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackon business-methodpatents,whichhave beencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10years ago. In amove thathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzzthe U.S.courtofAppealsfor the federal circuitsaiditwoulduse aparticularcasetoconduct abroadreview ofbusiness-methodpatents.In re Bilski,asthecase isknown ,is“avery bigdeal”,saysDennis’D.Crouchof the Universityof Missouri Schoolof law. It “hasthepotential to eliminateanentire class of patents.”
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face, becauseit wasthefederalcircuititself thatintroducedsuchpatentswith is1998 decisionintheso-calledstate Street Bankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpooling mutual-fundassets.Thatruling produced anexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallyby emerginginternetcompaniestryingto stakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonline transactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentsto theirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainst rivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithad beenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatit questionedthelegalbasisfor grantingthem. Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,even astheytook positionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice. ﻫTheBilski case involvesaclaimedpatent ona methodforhedging riskin the energymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheard byall12 ofthecourt’sjudges,rather thanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatone issue itwantsto evaluateisweatherit should”reconsider” itsstatestreetBankruling.
The FederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewake ofaseriesofrecentdecisions bythesupreme Countthathas nurrowedthescope ofprotectionsforpatentholders. Last April,forexample thejusticessignaledthattoomany patentswerebeingupheld for“inventions”thatare obvious.Thejudgeson theFederalcircuit are “reacting totheanti-patient trendatthesupremecourt”,saysHaroleC.wegner, apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversity LawSchool.
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcern becauseof ﻫ[A]theirlimited valuetobusiness
[B]theirconnectionwith assetallocationﻫ[C]the possiblerestriction ontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyoverauthorizationﻫ27. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[A] Its rullingcomplieswiththe courtdecisions
[B]Itinvolvesavery bigbusiness transactionﻫ[C]Ithasbeen dismissedbytheFederalCircuitﻫ[D]Itmaychangethelegalpracticesinthe U.S.ﻫ28. Theword“about-face”(Line1, Paro 3) mostprobably means
[A]lossofgood will
[B] increase of hostility ﻫ[C] changeofattitude
[D] enhancementof disnity
29.Welearnfrom thelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsﻫ[A]are immunetolegal challengesﻫ[B] areoftenunnecessarilyissued ﻫ[C] lowertheesteem forpatent holders
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethe subject of thetext?
ﻫ[A]A loomingthreattobusiness-method patents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailing trendagainstbusiness-method patents
Text3
In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuellarguesthat social epidemicsaredrivenin largepartbytheactingofa tinyminorityofspecial individuals,oftencalled influentials,whoare unusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitively compelling,butitdoesn’t explainhowideasactuallyspread.ﻫThesupposedimportance of influentialsderivesfrom aplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntested theorycalledthe“twostep flowofcommunication”:
Informationflows from themedia to the influentialsandfromthemto ereryoneelse.Marketers have embraced thetwo-step flowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewill domostoftheworkforthem.Thetheory also seemsto explainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularity ofpeoplewaswearing, promotingordeveloping whaterverit isbefore anyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotal evidence ofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonly certainspecialpeople candrivetrends.ﻫIntheirrecentwork,however,some researchershavecomeup withthefinding thatinfluentialshavefarlessimpacton socialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.In fact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.
The researchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobserratingabout socialinfluence,withtheexceptionofa fewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarily afunctionof media,not interpersonal,influence—eventhemost influential members ofapopulation simplydon’tinteract withthatmanyothers.Yet it ispreciselythesenon-celebring influentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flow theory,aresupposedto drivesocialepidemics byinflucencing theirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,must theninflucence his or herownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,and soon;and justhow manyothers payattention toeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitial influential.Ifpeoplein thenetworkjust twodegreesremoved fromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromthe initial influentialproveresistant,forexamplethecasecadeof changewon’t propagate veryfaroraffect manypeople.
Buildingonthebasic truthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulating anumberofvariables relatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersand their tendencetobe.
31.Bycitingthebook TheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto
[A]analyzethe consequencesofsocialepidemics
[B]discuss influentials’functioninspreadingideasﻫ[C]exemplify people’s intuitiveresponse to social epidemicsﻫ[D]describethe essentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials. ﻫ32.Theauthorsuggeststhat the “two-step-f
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