高考英语知识点过关培优 易错 难题训练阅读理解含答案.docx
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高考英语知识点过关培优 易错 难题训练阅读理解含答案.docx
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高考英语知识点过关培优易错难题训练阅读理解含答案
一、高中英语阅读理解
1.(2019•天津)阅读理解
Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
(1)Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?
A. Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B. Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C. Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D. Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
(2)Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______.
A. hasawidefoodchoice B. caneasilyfindnewprey
C. stickstoonepreyspecies
D. canquicklymovetoanotherplace
(3)Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?
A. Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B. Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C. Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D. Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
(4)WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?
A. Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B. Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C. Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D. Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.
(5)Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?
A. Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.
B. Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.
C. Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.
D. Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.
【答案】
(1)B
(2)C
(3)D
(4)A
(5)D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了借助食物网的数学模型,科学家们发现了一些在食物网运营的关键原则。
科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点,它们很难再回来。
该系统将告诉我们何时适应人类活动,这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃,或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来,预防是关键。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的“Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.”可知,借助食物网的数学模型,科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。
故选B。
(2)考查细节理解。
根据第二段中的“Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked”可知,当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物,这两个物种是紧密相连的。
故选C。
(3)考查推理判断。
根据第三段中的“Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack”可知,处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制,由此可推断出,如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降,其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。
故选D。
(4)考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的“Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline”可知,人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃,由此可推断出,不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。
故选A。
(5)考查细节理解。
根据最后一段中的“Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.”可知,早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。
故选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查,是一篇故事类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,并根据上下文进行逻辑推理,从而选出正确答案。
2.阅读理解
Ibecameamagicianbyaccident.WhenIwasnineyearsold,Ilearnedhowtomakeacoindisappear.I'dreadTheLordoftheRingsandriskedcomingintotheadultsectionofthelibrarytosearchforabookofspells(魔法)—ninebeingthatcuriousageatwhichyou'reoldenoughtoworkthroughmorethan1,200pagesofmysteriousfantasyliteraturebutyoungenoughtostillholdouthopethatyoumightfindabookofreal,actualmagicinthelibrary.ThebookIfoundinsteadtaughtbasicsleight-of-hand(戏法)technique,andIdevotedthenextmonthstopractice.
Initially,themagicwasn'tanygood.Atfirstitwasn'tevenmagic;itwasjustatrick—abadtrick.Ispenthourseachdayinthebathroomrunningthroughthesecretmovesinfrontofthemirror.Idroppedthecoinoverandover,athousandtimesinaday,andaftertwoweeksofthismymomgotacarpetsamplefromthestoreandplaceditunderthemirrortoeradicatethesoundofthecoinfallingagainandagain.
Ihadheardmydadworkthroughpassagesofnewmusiconthepiano,soIknewhowtopractice—slowly,deliberately,goingforprecisionratherthanspeed.AndthenItriedtheillusion(错觉)inthemirrorandanunbelievablescenetookplace.Itdidnotlooklikeamagictrick.Itlookedlikeamiracle.IknewthatIhadgotwhatIwanted.
OnedayImadetheperformanceontheplayground.Wehadbeenplayingfootballandwerestandingbythebackstopinthefieldbehindtheschool.Adozenpeoplewerewatching.Ishowedthecointoeveryone.Thenitdisappeared.Thekidsscreamed.Theyyelled,laughed,scrambledaway.Everyonewentcrazy.Thiswasbrilliant.
(1)Whatdidtheauthorentertheadultsectionofthelibrarytodo?
A. Tokillhistime.
B. Tofindabookofmagic.C
ToreadTheLordoftheRings. D.Tolearnknowledgeofliterature.
(2)Whatdoestheunderlinedword"eradicate"inParagraph2mean?
A. Getridof.
B. Giveout.
C. Imitate.
D. Distinguish.
(3)Whatcontributedtotheauthor'ssuccess?
A. Hismother'shelp.
B. Thesecretofquickmoves.
C. Theinspirationfromhisfather.
D. Hisrepeatedhardpractice.
(4)Howwouldtheauthorfeelabouttheresultofhisperformanceontheplayground?
A. It'sfantastic.
B. It'sfunny.
C. It'sawkward.
D. It'sdisappointing.
【答案】
(1)B
(2)A
(3)C
(4)A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文,作者变成魔术师是偶然的,并且具体讲述了自己九岁时学习如何让硬币消失的经历。
(1)考查细节理解。
根据第一段中的“I'dreadTheLordoftheRingsandriskedcomingintotheadultsectionofthelibrarytosearchforabookofspells”我读过《魔戒》,并且冒险进入图书馆的成人区寻找魔法书,可知,作者进入图书馆的成人区是为了寻找魔法书。
原文中使用了不定式表达目的。
故选B。
(2)考查词义猜测。
根据第二段讲述作者一开始练习让硬币消失时的练习经历,他每天要在镜子前练1000遍左右,那么硬币也就会掉在地上1000次左右。
所以划线单词所在句子句意应为:
两周后,妈妈从店里买了一块地毯,把它放在镜子下面,以掩盖硬币一次又一次落下的声音。
故选A。
(3)考查推理判断。
根据第三段中的“Ihadheardmydadworkthroughpassagesofnewmusiconthepiano,soIknewhowtopractice—slowly,deliberately,goingforprecisionratherthanspeed.AndthenItriedtheillusion(错觉)inthemirrorandanunbelievablescenetookplace.Itdidnotlooklikeamagictrick.Itlookedlikeamiracle.”可知,作者是在父亲练习钢琴的经历的启发下,领悟到了练习的真谛,最终取得了成功。
故选C。
(4)考查推理判断。
根据最后一段中的“Theyyelled,laughed,scrambledaway.Everyonewentcrazy.Thiswasbrilliant.”,可知作者在操场上表演完硬币消失之后,其他同学欢呼、大小并且都不知道是如何做到的,每个人都很疯狂。
作者认为这个经历是非常棒的。
故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解,词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查,是一盘故事类阅读,考生需要准确掌握细节信息,并根据上下文的逻辑关系,进行分析,推理,从而选出正确答案。
3.阅读理解
AuniversityinNanjing,Jiangsuprovince,hasinstalledfacialrecognitionsystemsinclassroomstomonitorstudents'behavior,sparkingaheateddebateonline.ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityrecentlyinstalledthesystemsintwopilotclassroomsaswellasschoolgates,dormitoryentrances,thelibraryandlaboratorybuildings.
XuJianzhen,directoroftheuniversity'slibraryandinformationcenter,toldTbePthatthesystemswillhelpteacherscheckstudentattendanceandmonitorbehaviorduringthelectures."Inthepast,somestudentsjustcheckedtheirattendanceandditchedtheclassoraskedotherstudentstochecktheattendanceforthem.Nowwithfacialrecognition,thatwouldnolongerbeaproblem,"hesaid."Themomentyouentertheclassroom,thecamerawillmonitoryouallthewaythroughandcantellhowlongyouloweryourhead,whetheryou'replayingwithasmartphone,whetheryou'redozingofforreadingotherbooks,"headded.
ThenewshasraisedwidedebateonChinesesocialmedia,withmanyquestioningifthecameraswillviolatestudents'privacy.ASinaWeibousersaid:
"Iopposesuchmethods,anditisnotclearwhetherthesystemsaredevelopedbytheschoolitselforbythirdpa
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