汇总英国文学期末考试必备讲义doc.docx
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汇总英国文学期末考试必备讲义doc
Chapterone
1.TheoriginoftheEnglishpeople,theirlanguageandliterature
1)ThesettlementoftheAnglo-Saxonsontheisland:
themid5thcentury
2)SevenkingdomsunitedintoonecalledEngland:
7thcentury.Thethreetribes(Angles,SaxonsandJutes)mixedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglish.
3)Theirlanguage:
Anglo-Saxon,whichisalsocalledoldEnglish.
4)EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland:
afewrelicsarestill
preserved—poemsandsongsabouttheheroicdeedsofoldtime.
Beowulf:
afolklegendbroughttoEnglandfromtheircontinentalhomes(Denmark),reflecting
thefeaturesofthetribalsocietyofancienttimes
2.NormanConquestanditsimpactontheEnglishlanguage
1066:
theendofAnglo-SaxonperiodandtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.
ThegeneralrelationofNormansandSaxonswasthatofmasterandservant.
Twolanguageswerespoken:
FrenchandEnglish.Bytheendofthe14thcenturyEnglishwasagainthedominantspeech—differentfromtheoldAnglo-Saxon:
Structure:
English
Commonwords:
English
Morethan10thousandFrenchwordswereintroduced–Englishsynonyms.
3.LiteratureoffeudalEngland
1).Theromance:
describingthelifeandadventureofnobleheroes---theEnglishversionsweretranslatedfromFrenchorLatin.
2).Englishballads:
a).InvariousEnglishandScottishdialects
b).Composedcollectively
\’]
c).Avarietyofthemes
d).Mainlytheliteratureofthepeasants:
theoutlookoftheEnglishcommonpeopleinthe
feudalsociety
e).TheRobinHoodballads
4.GeoffreyChaucer(1340?
----1400):
readtheintroductioninyourbook
FatherofEnglishpoetry,oneofmostgreatestpoetsofEngland.
Romanceofrose(玫瑰奇缘)/
thehouseoffame(声誉之宫)/
theparliamentoffowls(百鸟议会)
TheCanterburytales
5.Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishliterature
1).HispoetrytracesoutapathtotheliteratureofEnglishRenaissance,itreflectsthechanges
ofthesecondhalfofthe14thcentury
2).Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisedman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife
3).Widelearning:
agoodknowledgeofLatin,FrenchandItalian.Studiedphilosophicalworks
ofhistime;anabundantknowledgeoftheworld.Nomancouldhavebeenbetterequipped,
sociallyandintellectuallytobethefounderofEnglishpoetry
4).Hislanguage-----MiddleEnglish----vividandexact----goodmasterofEnglish----making
thedialectofLondonthefoundationofmodernEnglishspeech----establishingEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.
6.popularballads
Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.
Balladsaredividedintoseveralkinds:
i.Historical
ii.Legendary
iii.Fantastical
iv.Lyrical
v.Humorous
Character:
ChapterTwo
Renaissance:
theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevivalofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.
1.HistoricalbackgroundoftheEnglishRenaissance
1)ThefoundingoftheTudorDynastywhichmettheneedsoftherisingbourgeoisie.
2)AkindofreligiousmovementcalledReformationwasstarted:
Protestantism—TheLatin
BiblewastranslatedintoEnglish:
agreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageandliterature.
3)Englisheconomydevelopedataslowbutsteadypace.AsaresultoftheEnclosureMovement,
alargenumberofpeasantsbecametheforefathersofthemodernEnglishproletariat.
4)Commercialexpansionabroadandtheestablishmentofcolonies
2.ChiefcharacteristicsoftheRenaissance
1)TheinterestinGodandinthelifeafterdeathwastransformedintotheexaltationofmanandanabsorptioninearthlylife.
2)Materialisticphilosophyandscientificthoughtreplacedthechurchdogmas.
3)AtotalnewcultureroseoutoftherevivaloftheoldcultureofancientGreeceandRome;a
newkindofartandliteratureemergedthroughtheexplorationoftheinfinitecapabilitiesofman.
Or:
1)Athirstingcuriosityforclassicalliterature
2)Akeeninterestinlifeandhumanactivities
3.EnglishliteratureoftheElizabethanPeriod(secondhalfofthe16thcentury)
1)ManyclassicalandItalianandFrenchworksweretranslatedintoEnglish—DonQuixote
2)Booksonhistoryandaboutnewdiscoverieswerewritten.
3)Thesonnet,anexactformofpoetry,wasintroducedtoEnglandfromItaly.
4.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)
borninLondonofamerchanttailor'sfamily;
hadaprogressivescholarashisheadmaster,whoholdthat"Itisnotamind,notabody,thatwe
havetoeducate,butaman";
enteredCambridgein1569,graduatedin1573withM.A.degree;
started"TheFaerieQueen"by1580,dedicatedittotheQueenin1589;
becameprivatesecretaryofLordGrey,theQueen'sLordDeputyinIreland—stayedthereforhisremaining19years,carriedoutthetyrannicalruleoftheBritishgovernmentthere
wrote"TheShepherds'Calendar"in1597;
anIrishuprisingbrokeoutin1599,hishousewasburntdown,hereturnedtoLondon,died"forwantofbread";
hislanguage:
modernEnglish—differentfromChaucer'sMiddleEnglish.
8.FrancisBacon'slife(1561-1626)
borninLondonin1561,father:
LordKeeperoftheSeal;mother:
well-educated
senttoCambridgeUniversityattheageof12;
EnglishambassadorinFranceaftergraduation;
enteredGray'sInntostudylaw;
memberofparliament—moreonthesideofthebourgeoisie—offendedQueenElizabeth
JamesImadehimaKnight,gaveoneimportantofficeafteranotheruntilhebecameLord
Chancellor;
chargedwithbriberyin1621;
Theremainingyearsofhislifewerespentinliterary,philosophicalandscientificwork.
diedofcoldin1626;
9.FrancisBacon'sworks:
threeclasses
1)Philosophicalworks:
"TheAdvancementofLearning"1605,inEnglish
"NovumOrganum"1620,inLatin
2)Literaryworks—58essays—thefirstEnglishessayistdealingwithawidevarietyofsubjects,suchaslove,truth,friendship,parentsandchildren,studies,youthandage,garden,deathandmanyothers—wonpopularityfortheirclearness,brevityandforceofexpression
3)Professionalworks:
"MaximsoftheLawandReadingontheStatuteofUses"
Marxcalledhim"therealfatherofEnglishmaterialismandexperimentalsciencesofmoderntimesingeneral".
12.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
family:
borninStratford-on-AvonincentralEngland;
father:
aprosperoustradesmanwith8children;
mother:
daughterofawell-to-dofarmer;
education:
thelocalgrammarschool6years,alsolearnedLatinandalittleGreek
workedasacountryschoolmasterat14;
marriedafarmer'sdaughter(8yearshissenior);
lifeasanactorandplaywright;
wellacquaintedwiththeatricalperformanceswhenstillatStratford;
wenttoLondonin1586-87,andworkedatoddjobsinatheatre,becameanactorbutwasnotsuccessful;
begantowriteforthestage—revisingoldplaysandwrotenewones—asuccessfulwriterofbothtragediesandcomedies;
Hiscompleteworksinclude37plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets
diedonthe23rdofApril,1616.
13.Shakespeare'scareerasadramatist:
3periods
1stperiod(1590-1600):
9historicalplays,10comedies,1tragedy—imbuedwithanoptimistic
atmosphereofhumanism,describingtheyouth,love,andidealsofhappinessofyoungpeople
HenryⅥ,RichardⅡ,Ⅲ,HenryⅣ
RomeoandJuliet,TheMerchantofVenice,AMid-SummerNight'sDream,AsYouLikeIt
2ndperiod(1601-1608):
reflectingthesocialcontradictionsoftheage—atransitionfromgreen
youthtomaturity;
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Mecbeth
3rdperiod(1609-1612):
ageneraltoneofconciliationandafallingofffromhispreviousheight,butoptimisticfaithinthefutureofhumanity
TheTempest,TheWinter'sTale,HenryⅦ
Shakespeare’scomediesreflectedanoptimisticspiritofthehumanistsatthattime.Theypraisedsincerefriendshipandtruelove,advocatedequalitybetweenmanandman,andrepudiatedthefeudalmoralandfeudalsystem.
Histragedieshaveshownusinsurmountablecontradictionsbetweenhumanidealandsocialreality,andraisedaseriesofquestionsaboutthestate,moral,wealth,familyandphilosophy.
十四行诗(thesonnet)是一种形式完整、格律严谨、以歌咏爱情为主的小诗,十三、四世纪盛行于意大利,其最主要的代表者为Petrarch(比德拉克)(1304-1374),十六世纪中叶由ThomasWyatt传入英国,至莎士比亚一代而臻完美。
莎士比亚的十四行诗每行通常有5个“音步”(foot),每个音步一半有一轻一重两个音节。
全诗韵脚的安排是abab,cdcd,efef,gg,即这十四行可分为四组。
每首诗一般只有一个比较简单的主题。
ChapterThree
1.HistoricalbackgroundoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution
Thecontradictionsbetweenthefeudalsystemandthebourgeoisiereacheditspeakinthe17thcentury.
TheGovernmentofJamesIwasadespotismbaseduponthetheoryofthedivinerightofkings—calledformoremoney—refusaloftheParliamenttopassbillsfornewtaxes—dissolutionofparliament—acountrywithoutparliamentfor11years.
2.TheEnglishbourgeoisRevolution
OliverCromwell(1599-1658)—OrganizationoftheParliamentaryforcesintoanarmy—executionofthekingin1649—Englandbecameacommonwealth:
theestablishmentofbourgeoisdictatorship—Cromwell:
LordProtector—Acompromisewiththefeudalremnants:
theRestoration—GloriousRevolution—Result:
thestatestructurewassettledwithinwhichcapitalismcoulddevelopfreely.
3.JohnMilton'slifeandhisrevolutionaryactivities
4.Milton'sthreegreatpoems
ParadiseLost(1667),ParadiseRegained(1671),SamsonAgonistes(1671).
5.FeaturesofEnglishliteratureoftheRestorationperiod
1)Classicismwasprevailing(modeledontheliteratureofFrance);
2)Upheldreason,lawandorderinsteadofthefreeexpressionofman'sindividualityasintheRenaissance;
3)Writerswroteundertheinfluenceofclassicism:
drama,poetryandproseshouldallbegovernedbys
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