新视野大学英语第三版读写教程4 u校园参考答案.docx
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新视野大学英语第三版读写教程4 u校园参考答案.docx
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Unit1Lifeandlogic
SectionA
1.2.1Pre-readingactivities
(1)
1.B
2.A
3.A
4.B
5.B
6.A
7.C
8.C
(2)
1.Reasoningskillsdealwiththeprocessofgettingfromaproblemtoasolutionoraconclusion.Byimprovingyourreasoningskills,youcanimproveyoursuccessindoingthings.Specifically,strongreasoningskillscanhelpyouto:
•improvethequalityandvalidityofyourownarguments;•improveyourabilitytoassessthequalityandvalidityofothers,arguments;•makemorelogicaldecisions;•solveproblemsmoreefficientlyandeffectively.Togiveaspecificexample,everydayyouhavetomakevariousdecisions,andyetevensomesimpledecisionslikedecidingwhattowearwhenyou,regettingdressedinthemorningrequiresomereasoningskills.Whenyoudecidewhattowear,youtakemanyfactorsintoconsideration-theweatherforecast,thecurrenttemperature,yourplansfortheday(whereyouaregoing,whatyouwilldo,andwhomyouwillmeet),yourcomfortlevel,andsoon.Inreallife,youneedtofacedecisionsthataremuchmoredifficultthanchoosingwhattowear.So,itisreallyimportanttohavestrongreasoningskills.
2.Thefactorsbelowareusuallyimportantforalogicalconclusion:
•criticalthinkingskills;•facts;•evidence;•soundreasoningprocess,etc.
1.2.2Readingcomprehension
(1)
1.ThedealbetweenthemisthatthenarratorgivesRobhisleatherjacket,andRob,inexchange,givesthenarratorhisgirlfriend.Theymakethedealbecausetheywanttogetsomethingfromeachother:
Robiscrazyaboutfashion,andhewantstoownthenarrator5sfashionableleatherjacket;thenarratorlongstohaveabeautifulgirlfriend,andRob,sgirlfriendisbeautiful.
2.Hethinksabeautifulandwell-spokengirlfriendwillassisthimtolandajobandachievesuccessinanelitelawcompany.
3.Thenarratorfeelsthiswaybecausehecan,tstopthinkingthathispurposeofdatingPollyisnotforromancebutforimprovingherintelligence,andhecan,tletPollyknowhisplan.
4.ThenarratordecidestoteachPollylogicbecausehebelieveslogicisessentialtoclearthinking.ByteachingPollylogic,hecanmakeherintelligent.
5.Whenthenarratorteachesherlogic,Pollyrespondseithershortlywith〃Cool〃,“Great”,〃Ilikethatidea”,orsimplywithnoddingorblinkingwithoutsayinganything.TheseresponsesgiveusanimpressionthatPollyisanicebutrathersimple-mindedgirl.
6.Yes.HeisonlytoosuccessfulinteachingPollylogicbecauseintheendwhenheasksPollytobehisgirlfriend,Pollyrefuseshisrequestbyapplyingallthelogicalfallacieshehastaughther.
7.BecausehewantstomakeonemoreattempttowinPollyashisgirlfriendbyaskinghertoforgetwhathehastaughther.
8.TheendofthestoryisironicbecausePollyturnsouttobesmarterthanthenarrator.First,sheisabletorefuteallhisargumentsaslogicalfallacies.Then,shedisclosesthatsheandRobhaveplayedatrickonhim.Thenarratorhasbeentoosmartforhisowngood.
(2)
1.Inmyopinion,allthethreecharactersarecomplex.Thefollowingaremydescriptionsaboutthem.Thenarrator:
•Smart:
Heisanexcellentlawstudentandknowsalotaboutlogic.•Sophisticated:
Hebelievesabeautifulandintelligentgirlfriendwillbenefithiminhisfuturecareer.•Arrogantandself-conceited:
Hethinkshighlyofhimselfbutbadlyofhisroommate.•Over-confident:
HethinksthegirlwillsurelychoosehimratherthanRob.•Stupidandsimple-minded:
Heknowsnothingaboutwhatcanhappeninreallife.Rob:
•Fashionableandcool:
Helovesfashionandcaresalotabouthisappearance.•Dishonest:
Heplaysatrickonthenarratortogethisleatherjacket.•Clever:
Heisabletogetwhathewantswithoutlosinganything.Polly:
•Beautifulandnice:
Sheisprettyandeasytobewith.•Shallow:
ShechoosesRobsimplybecauseheisfashionable.•Smart:
Shelearnsquicklyandisfullofwitwhenrefusingtobethenarrator,sgirlfriend.
2.Thestoryitselfincludesthefallacy"DictoSimpliciter^.Thenarratorassumesthatallgirlswouldbehappytodateaboywhosefutureissomewhatguaranteed.Therefore,Polly,abeautifulandwealthyyounggirl,wouldcertainlyfallinlovewithhim-〃aningeniousstudent"and〃amanwithanassuredfuture”,ratherthanRob-〃amuscularidiot”.However,tothenarrator,ssurpriseanddisappointment,PollychoosesRobintheendbecauseRobisfashionableandcool.
3.•Loveisblind.Itisridiculoustouselogictodealwithlove.
•Smartpeoplesometimescanmakewrongjudgments.•Smartpeoplearesometimestooarrogantandconfident.•Smartpeoplemayfallvictimstotheirownsmartness.
4.•Yes.Becausenotonlywouldteachinglogicinschoolhelpminimizetheoverwhelmingnumberoffallaciousassertions,butalsowouldserveasanexcellentprecursortohighermathematicsandhelpmakeothercoursessuchasgeometryandcalculuslessofamysterytomoststudents.•No.Becauselogiccanbelearnedthroughothersubjectssuchasmath,philosophy,reading,etc.It'snotnecessarytoofferaspecialcourseaboutit.
5.Yes,certainly.Actually,logicalfallaciesareverycommoninoureverydaylife.Imyselfcommitlogicalfallaciesveryoften,too.Forexample,whenIfirstmetmyroommateincollege,Ifeltverysurprisedwhenhetoldmehedidn,tlikenoodles.Iasked,“PeopleinthenorthofChinalikeeatingnoodles.Youarefromthenorth,whydon,tyoulikenoodles?
”HereIcommittedthelogicalfallacy〃DictoSimpliciter/Z.Ifalselyassertedthatallpeopleinthenorthshouldlikenoodles,andthereshouldbenoexceptiontothispremise.
1.3.1Wordinuse
1.crumbled
2.discern
3.surpass
4.shrewd
5.conversion
6.distort
7.radiant
8.ingenious
9.stumped
10.proposition
1.3.2Wordbuilding:
Practice
(1)
1.delicacy
2.bankruptcy
3.accountancy
4.secrecy
5.vacancy
6.urgency
7.atmospheric
8.magnet
9.metallic
10.gloom
11.guilt
12.mastery
(2)
1.bankruptcies
2.atmospheric
3.delicacies
4.urgency
5.accountancy
6.gloom
7.magnet
8.metallic
9.mastery
10.vacancy
11.guilt
12.secrecy
1.3.4Bankedcloze
1.mentioned
2.determine
3.gained
4.responsible
5.heavily
6.artistic
7.opposite
8.analytical
9.distorted
10.stumped
1.3.5Expressionsinuse
1.weredrippingwith
2.inexchangefor
3.flaredup
4.makeananalogybetween
5.setadatefor
6.make
7.outof
8.madeapact
9.hadappealedto
1.4.1Structuredwriting:
Practice
IhadmymostembarrassingexperiencewhenIwasinthesecondyearofcollege.Duringthatperiodoftime,Ioftenlikedtochatwithmyfriendsbypassingnotesinclass.MybitterstoryhappenedoneTuesdaymorning,whenourEnglishteacherwasbusywritingontheblackboard,tryingtoteachus,inhermonotonousvoice,thedifferencebetween“tolerable"and〃tolerant〃.Theteacherwashard-working,butIreallywantedtosharemygoodmoodwithmybestfriend,Tony.Therefore,Ipickedupmypenandwroteonaslipofpaper,〃Hey,Iwanttotellyousomethingthatwillmakeyoureallyenviousofme,〃andthenIpassedthesliptohim.Hequicklyopeneditandreadit.Beingtoocurious,hewastednotimewritingonthenotesomewordsandpasseditback."Whatisit?
Tellmeimmediately!
z/heasked."Sallyjustgavemehercellphonenumber./zIresponded.Icouldnotwaittoseehisjealousface.However,whenhegotmynote,anunexpectedthinghappened.Thenotewasgrabbedbyanotherhand.Tomyshock,theteacherwasstandinginfrontofTony.Shereadthenoteinherhandloudlyandlookedsternlyaroundthewholeclass.“WhopassedthenotetoTony?
WhowassoluckytogetSally,sphonenumber?
”Sheasked.Alltheclassstartedtowhisper,andIvaguelyheardthemtalkingaboutwhostartedthepassingofthenote.Myfaceturnedred,andmyheartbeatquickly.Ofcourse,thosewhosataroundmeknewIwastheculprit.Theylookedatme,gigglingquietly.Meanwhile,Sallyblushedadeepcrimsonandlookedveryangry.Sheglaredatmeasiftosay,amgoingtokillyou.〃IdidnotstanduptoadmitIwastheoffender,butIfeltsoembarrassedthatIreallywishedthattherehadbeenaplaceformetohidemyself.Aftertheincident,Ididnotdaretopassnotesinclassanymore.
(1)
亚里土多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。
他的作品涵盖了许多学科,包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府,构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。
亚里土多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人,如数学,生物学和伦理学。
他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。
他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。
他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。
他的作品包含了人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究,即使在今天,亚里土多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。
他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。
在去世2,300多年后,亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。
(2)
TheDoctrineoftheMeanisthecoreofConfucianism.Theso-called“mean"byConfuciusdoesn,tmean"compromise"buta"moderate"and/zjust-right/zwaywhenunderstandingandhandlingobjectivethings.Confuciusadvocatedthatthisthoughtshouldnotonlybetreatedasawaytounderstandanddealwiththingsbutalsobeintegratedintoone,sdailyconducttomakeitavirtuethroughself-cultivationandtraining.TheDoctrineoftheMeanisnotonlythecoreofConfucianismbutalsoanimportantcomponentoftraditionalChineseculture.Fromthetimeitcameintobeingtothepresent,ithasplayedaninvaluableroleintheconstructionofnationalspirit,thetransmissionofnationalwisdom,andthedevelopmentofnationalculture.
SectionB
1-6Readingskills
1.6.1Practice
1.Thistextismainlyaboutthereasonswhysmartpeoplemakepoordecisionsordostrangethings.
2.Thetextmentionsfivecognitivebiaseswhichusuallycausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions:
thefundamentalattributionerror,theconfirmationbias,theoverconfidencebias,theavailabilitybias,andthesunkcostfallacy.
3.Whenwemakeadecision,wecanavoidb
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