Unit 1 A Land of diversity Section II Learning about the language 导学案人教选修8精品.docx
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Unit 1 A Land of diversity Section II Learning about the language 导学案人教选修8精品.docx
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Unit1ALandofdiversitySectionIILearningaboutthelanguage导学案人教选修8精品
Unit1ALandofdiversitySectionIILearningaboutthelanguage导学案
一、课前预习
I.重点短语
1.由…构成___________________________
2.除…以外___________________________
3.推迟___________________________
4.谋生___________________________
5.大多数___________________________
II.完成句子:
用上面的短语完成下列句子。
1.Life_________________________________________sunshinebutalsohardtimes.
生活中不仅有阳光,还有艰难困苦的时候。
2._________________________________doctorsbelievesmokingisharmfultohealth.
大多数医生认为吸烟有害健康。
3.Hemadeasuggestionthat________________________________________________.
他建议会议推迟。
4.IusuallygohomeonSundays_______________________________________________.
周日除了下雨,我通常回家。
5.Onlandwithrichsoil,localfarmerscangrowcropsto____________________________.
土地肥沃的地方,当地农民可以种庄稼谋生。
二、语法突破:
名词性从句
定义:
在句法作用上与名词短语等同的各种从句统称为名词性从句。
根据句法作用,名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句(直接宾语、间接宾语和介词宾语从句)、表语从句和同位语从句。
语序:
陈述语序。
引导词
作用
连接词that,whether,if,because
连接作用,有本身意义(that除外),不充当成分
连接代词who(ever),whom(ever),what(ever),which(ever),
连接作用,有本身意义,充当成分(主语、宾语、表语、定语)
连接副词where(ever),how(ever),why,when(ever)
连接作用,有本身意义,充当状语(地点、时间、方式、原因)
从句类型
主要句型结构
主语从句
what…/wh-ever…(常放句首,一般不用形式主语it取代)
Itis+adj.(n.)+that(wh-)从句
It+不及物动词+that…
It+be+过去分词+that…
其他Itdoesn’tmatter/makesnodifference……
表语从句
It+系动词(be,seem,appear,look…)asif/asthough/that/because……
同位语从句
同位名词(idea,suggestion,fact….)+that(wh-)从句
宾语从句
…vt+that/wh-从句
…vi+介词+wh-从句
几组引导词的异同
1.what与that
that是连接词,只起连接作用,本身没有任何实在意义,在从句中不充当任何成分。
引导动词宾语从句时,时常可以省略,但引导主语从句,同位语从句,表语从句时,一般不能省略。
what是连接代词,起连接作用,有本身意义,可翻译为“……的……,所……的”,在从句中充当主语,宾语,表语等。
Webelieve(that)heishonest.(宾语从句的引导词,可以省略)
Itisimportantthateveryoneshouldlearnaforeignlanguagewell.(that引导主语从句,不能省略)
Whathesaidatthemeetingistrue.(what引导主语从句,在主语从句中作宾语)
Thisnewschoolisbuiltinwhatusedtobeafactory.(what引导介词宾语从句,在宾语从句中作主语)
2.whether与if
相同之处:
用在及物动词后面的宾语从句中,二者可互换使用
不同之处:
在以下几种情况下常使用whether不使用if
1/whether作介词宾语
2/whether后接动词不定式
3/whetherornot(no)是否
4/whether放句首引导主语从句(引导表语从句、同位语从句也常用之)
5/whether……ornot引导状语从句,“不管……是否”“不管是……还是……”
Idon’tknowwhether/ifhewillattendtheconcert.(及物动词的宾语从句)
Thequestioniswhether(不可使用if)itisworthtrying.(引导表语从句)
Whetherhecomesornotmakesnodifference.(引导主语从句)
Hedidn’tknowwhethertogetmarriedortowait.(后跟动词不定式)
Canyoutellmewhetherornotthetrainhasleft?
(whether与ornot连用)
Whetherheworksornot,Idon’tthinkhewillpasstheexamination.(引导状语从句)
3.who,whoever与which,whichever,whom,whomever
who=theperson(s)who或thosewho
whoever=anyonewho强调无论谁,不管谁(泛指任意一人)
which=theonethat强调一个特定范围中的某个物或人
whichever=anyonethat强调特定范围中的任何一个物或人
whom=theperson(s)whom宾格,只能在从句中作宾语
whomever=anyonewhom宾格,只能在从句中作宾语,侧重任何一个
Whowillhostthemeetinghasnotbeendecidedyet.(引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,表示“某个人”
Whoeveritis,Idon’twanttoseehimorher.(引导状语从句,在从句中作表语,表示不管他是谁…..)
Hewillgivethebooktowhomeverhelikes.(whomever引导介词宾语从句,在从句中作宾语)
Whichever(ofyou)comesinfirstwillreceiveaprize.(whichever引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,特定范围是在你们之中,不能使用whoever)
4.wh-ever与nomatterwh-
wh-ever可以引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句
nomatterwh-只能引导状语从句
Whoeverbreaksthelawshallbepunishedbylaw.(主语从句)
Nomatterwho(Whoever)breaksthelaw,heorsheshallbepunishedbylaw(状语从句)
主语从句:
主要句型结构:
1.由what以及wh-ever引导的通常放在句首,一般不使用形式主语it。
Whomeveryouinvitewillbewelcome.
Whatheneedsismoreexperience.
2.It+be+adj+that(wh-)从句
Itisstrange(possible,obvious,natural…)that…
Itismysterious(uncertain,doubtful,notknown,notdecided,tobefoundout,…)wh-…
Isittruethatshehasneverbeenthere?
Itisdoubtfulwhethershewillbeabletocome.
3.It+be+Noun.+that(wh-)从句
Itisapity(afact,goodnews,awonder,ashame…)that…
Itisamystery(stillaquestion…)wh-…
Itisapitythatyouareleaving.
Itisamysterytomehowitallhappened.
4.It+不及物动词+从句(此句型中的主语从句不能放在句首)
Itseems(appears,proves…)that…
Ithappened(occurredtome,struckme,turnsout)that…
IthappenedthatIwasn’ttherethatday.
Itoccurredtomethatweoughttomakeanewplan.
5.It+be+过去分词+从句(此句型中的主语从句不能放在句首)
Itissaid(reported,announced,suggested,mustbepointedout,mustbeadmitted,hoped)that…
Itistobedecided(tobefoundout,tobediscussed…)wh-…
Hasitbeendecidedthatweshallgobytrain?
Itmustbepointedoutthatourpresentsituationisfavorable.
6.Itdoesn’tmatter(makesnodifference,doesn’tmaketoomuchdifference,meansnothingtome)+从句(此句型中的主语从句不能放在句首)
Itdoesn’tmakemuchdifferencetomewhatyoudo(whetheryougoorstay)
Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherhelikesitornot.
表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词后,充当复合句中的表语.
从句型结构上:
一般结构是:
主语+连系动词+表语从句
1.主语+连系动词(be,look,remain,seem,appear,prove,turnout…)+表语从句(that……)
2.Thereasonisthat……
3.It(This,that)isbecause……
Itseemsthat/asifitisgoingtorain.
ThisishowJaneliveshere.
Thereasonwhyhewasdismissedisthathewascarelessandirresponsible.
Yourgreatestfaultisthatyouarecareless.
ItmaybebecauseIamnomathematician.
从引导关联词上:
主要有以下几种情况:
1.由连接词that引导。
WhatsurprisedmemostisthathespokeEnglishsowell.
2.由wh-疑问词引导
Theproblemiswhatweshoulddotohelphim.
WhatIaminterestediniswhethertheyaremarried.
3.由表陈述关系的引导词引导。
Floridaiswherehespendshisholiday.
That’swhyIdon’tgothereanymore.
Iamwhoyouarelookingfor.
HisofficenumberiswhatIwanttoknow.
4.由从属连词as,asthough(asif),because引导
Thingsarenotastheyseemtobe.
Youlookasifyoudidn’tcareaboutitatall.
同位语从句
同位语从句用于对同位名词作进一步的解释,说明名词的具体内容。
可分为两类:
限制性和非限制性。
限制性紧跟在同位名词后面;非限制性与中心词之间有逗号,破折号或还可以用thatis,namely,thatistosay等同位指示词。
常见的同位名词:
fact,news,idea,hope,order,suggestion,problem,decision,possibility,conclusion等
引导词
1.一般常用that,但也可以是what,which,who,when,where,why,how,whether
Thereisapossibilitythatheisaspy.
Nobodycanexplainthemysterywhyhesuddenlydisappeared.
Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.
2.同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开,这种情况主要是当句子的谓语较短时,为了句子平衡起见。
Anideacametoherthatshemightdotheexperimentinanotherway.
Astorygoesthattheemperorwaskilledbyhisson.
HegotamessagefromMr.Johnsonthatthemanagercouldnotseehimthatafternoon.
宾语从句:
宾语从句包括:
直接宾语从句、间接宾语从句和介词宾语从句。
1.作及物动词的宾语即:
vt+that(wh-)从句
1).直接宾语从句:
Ibelievethatheishonest.
ItoldhimthatIwouldcomebacksoon.
Wefullyunderstoodwhathemeant.
Idon’tcarewhether/ifitwillrainornot.
2).间接宾语从句:
Hegavewhoevercameoveraform.
Wewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.
3).当that引导的从句作为复合宾语的一个成分时,需用先行词it作形式宾语,从句放在句末,that不能省略。
Ifeelitapitythatshecan’tcome.
Hemadeitclearthatheobjectedtotheplan.
HehearditsaidthathehadgonetoAustralia.
4).不可直接跟that从句的动词
Ishallseetoitthatheistakengoodcareofwhenyouareabsent.
Itakeitthatyoushouldrewritethepaper.
Letmecomeandstay.Youcanputitthatitwasarrangedbefore.
2.作介词的宾语即:
vi+介词+wh-从句(that从句)
Theywerearguingaboutwhatwastobedone.
IamthinkingofwhomIshouldaskforhelp.
Healwayssucceedsinwhateverhetries.
Hewasneverbad-temperedexceptwhenhewasill.
注:
在介词in,except(but)后的宾语从句有时可以用that引导,
即:
…inthat…“因为……”“在……方面”
…exceptthat….除了……之外
Hehasnospecialfaultexceptthathesmokestoomuch.
Weasknothingfromyoubutthatyoushouldgiveaclearstatementofthefacts.
Thetwinsdifferinthatonehasamole(痣)onhisface.
Ilikethecity,butIlikethecountrybetterinthatIhavemorefriendsinthecountry.
3.作形容词宾语即:
be+形容词+that(Wh-)从句(有时也把这种从句看做原因状语从句)
IamafraidthatI’vemadeamistake.
Wearenotsurewhetherwecanpersuadehimoutofsmoking.
I‘mdelightedthatyougetgoodgradesinschool.
引导宾语从句的连词that的省略问题:
一般来说,及物动词后面直接跟宾语从句时,引导词that可以省略。
但当一个句子很复杂,句中有多个状语时,that不可省略,或者当一个句子有多个并列的宾语从句时,后面的宾语从句前的that不能省略。
Wehoped,incasethatthemothercouldnotbeback,thatthechildrenwouldstaywithusforthenight.
Iwished(that)wecouldgosightseeinginHangchowthissummerandthatwecouldbuysomebooksonourwaybackinShanghai.
4.否定前置问题:
如果主句谓语动词表示的是:
认为、相信、猜测等时,即think,suppose,believe,expect,guess,其后的宾语从句若含否定意义,一般要把否定词移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。
Idon’tthinkhecandoitbetterthanme.
Idon’tbelievehetreatedthechildlikethat.
Idon’tsupposeshelikesthebook.
但如果主句这类动词前有副词或表示强调的助动词do(及相应形式变化),think等同其他动词构成并列谓语,或think等动词不是以一般现在时出现时,通常从句中的否定词不前移到主句谓语上。
Ireallyexpectshedidn’tsaythattohim.
Ithinkandhopethathewon’tbedeceivedbytheman.
Heimaginedthatyouwouldn’tbegoingwithhim.
如果说话人强调主句内容,表述某种看法,语气较强,就直接否定主句,不发生否定转移。
Ineverthoughtshewouldbesovainandignorant.
Icouldn’tbelievehedesertedhiswife.
5.一般情况下,宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要与主句谓语动词的时态保持一致,但当宾语从句的内容是客观真理时,则只能用一般现在时。
Hesaidthathewouldgoabroadsoon.
Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.
三、课后自测
(一)基础知识自测
.单词拼写
1.Howmanycandidatesarestandingfor_____________(竞选)?
2.____________(尽管)applyingforhundredsofjobs,heisstilloutofwork.
3.Wefearneither____________(困苦)nordeath.
4.To____________(解释,说明)mypoint,letmetellyouastory.
5.What____________(百分率)ofthepopulationis/areoverweight?
II.单项选择
1.Asanewdiplomat,heoftenthinksof_____hecanreactmoreappropriatelyonsuchoccasions.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.how
2.Itisnotimmediatelyclear_____thefinancialcrisiswillsoonbeover.
A.sinceB.whatC.whenD.whether
3.ManyyoungpeopleintheWestareexpectedtoleave_____couldb
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