6th Sept.docx
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6th Sept.docx
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6thSept
Denoteandconnoteareoftenconfusedbecausebothwordshavesensesthatentailsignification.Denotemeans"tosignifydirectlyorliterally"anddescribestherelationbetweenthewordandthethingitconventionallynames.Connotemeans"tosignifyindirectly,suggestorimply"anddescribestherelationbetweenthewordandtheimagesorassociationsitevokes.Thus,thewordriverdenotesamovingbodyofwaterandmayconnotesuchthingsastherelentlessnessoftimeandthechangingnatureoflife.
CONNOTATION-:
ISTHEEMONTIONALANDIMAGINATIVEASSOCIATIONSURROUNDINGAWORD
DENOTATION-:
ISTHESTRICTDICTIONARYMEANINGOFAWORD
connotemeanstoimply
denotemeanstoindicate
Examples:
StopSign
Denotation—Stop(evenwithoutwords,werecognizethemeaningfromtheshapeandcolor)
Connotation—Risk(accidentorticket)
Healthclubad
Denotation—fitpersoninforeground-->youcouldlooklikethis
Connotation—manythings
Beatles
Denotation-:
MusicBandof60’s
Connotation-:
GoodMusicandpopularmusic.
Denotation-:
representsorexactlyasitsays
Connotation-:
hints
Connotationsareoftenemotionalinnature,andthusiftheyareintended,itmaybeforthepurposeofswayingaperson’semotionalreactionsratherthanthelogicalevaluationofanargument.
Marriage-:
meaningofwordscanchangeovertimebecausepeoplewillsimplyusethemindifferentways,butanychangeinmeaningmightrepresentanextensionalchange(inwhattheworddenotes),anintensionalchange(inwhatthewordconnotes),orboth.Forexample,theword“marriage”doesn’tcurrentlydenote(formostpeople)anyunionsbetweentwomembersofthesamesex.Ifwestartedtodenotesuchunionsby“marriage,”wouldthatrequireachangeinconnotation(whatcharacteristicsthewordintends)ornot?
Denotationmeansadictionarymeaningoftheword.
Connotationistheabstractmeaningofaword(orwhatawordmeanstoyou.)
Pictureacramped,little,apartment.Doesitmakeyoufeelalittleclaustrophobic?
Doesitsoundlikeaplaceyouwanttobe?
Nowpictureacozy,little,apartment.Doesitmakeyoufeelwarmandcontent?
Doesitsoundlikeaniceplacetobe?
CozyandCrampedaresynonyms--but,seehowvastlydifferentimagestheycreate?
That'sconnotation.
describesaplacewhichissmallandclosed,andmakesyoufeeluncomfortablewhenyouareinit
claustrophobicMyroom'sabitclaustrophobic.
Cramped-:
Wehavesixdesksinthisroom,sowe'rerathercramped(forspace).
infact,akeyelementinthedebateovergaymarriage.Whenpeopledisagreeoverwhethergaysshouldbeallowedtomarry,theyaredisagreeinginpartovertheproperintensionoftheterm“marriage.”Unlesstheycometosomesortofagreementovertheterm’sintension,theywillneverseeeye-to-eyeoveritsextension.
Youmayliveinahouse,butweliveinahome.
Ifyouweretolookupthewordshouseandhomeinadictionary,youwouldfindthatbothwordshaveapproximatelythesamemeaning-"adwellingplace."However,thespeakerinthesentenceabovesuggeststhathomehasanadditionalmeaning.Asidefromthestrictdictionarydefinition,ordenotation,manypeopleassociatesuchthingsascomfort,love,security,orprivacywithahomebutdonotnecessarilymakethesameassociationswithahouse.Whatisthefirstthingthatcomestoyourmindwhenyouthinkofahome?
O
ahouse?
Whydoyouthinkthatreal-estateadvertisersusethewordhomemorefrequentlythanhouse?
Thevariousfeelings,images,andmemoriesthatsurroundawordmakeupitsconnotation.Althoughbothhouseandhomehavethesamedenotation,ordictionarymeaning,homealsohasmanyconnotations.
DifferencebetweenComplimentv/sComplement
complimentas“anexpressionofesteem,respect,affection,oradmiration;especially:
anadmiringremark”.
Forexample:
∙Iwastryingtopaythatgirlacompliment,butsheignoredme.
∙Sometimesheblusheswhenyouofferhimacompliment.
Intheplural,complimentscanalsomeanbestwishes.Itisoftenusedas“withcompliments”suchasonacomplimentsslip(asmallpieceofletter-headedpaper,oftenusedbycompaniesforaquicknotetoacustomerorclientwhenafullsheetwouldbetoolarge.)Youalsoseethephrase“withcomplimentsoftheseason”ingreetingscards.
Usecomplimentorcomplement
∙Areyoutryingtocomplimentme,ortryingtoinsultme?
∙Whenhecomplimentedthegirlonherdress,hisfriendslaughedathim
∙Mymothermadesomeverycomplimentaryremarksaboutmychoiceofshoes.
∙Thecolorsheiswearingcomplimentsherlooks..
∙Thenewrestauranthasaverycomplimentarywrite-upinthelocalnewspaper.
∙Pleaseacceptthesecomplimentarytickets.
∙Ithoughtthatthemini-barwascomplimentary,butwewerechargedforourdrinks.
∙Apolitebowisalsoacompliment
Complements-:
somethingthatfillsup,completes,ormakesperfect”,anditcanalsobeusedtomean“thequantity,number,orassortmentrequiredtomakeathingcomplete”
Example
∙Theillustrationscomplementthetext.
∙Ournewsoftwarewillcomplementtheexistingproduct
Complementcontainsthe‘e’whichisthebeginoftheword‘equal’.Somethingwhichcomplementssomethingelsehasakindofequality.Saltcomplementspepper,forexample.
Carsandgasareconsideredcomplementarybecauseacarisnotcompletewithoutgasandviceversa
Complement-:
completesthetiematchesmysuit
Compliment-saysomethingnicetoapersonpoliteexpressionorpraise
1.Ihadhopedthatyouwouldacceptmy(complement/compliment)inthespiritofkindnessthatIgaveit.
2.Aglassofwhitewineistheideal(complement/compliment)toaseafoodmeal.
3.
WhatIfindparticularlyappealingabouthimisthewayhiswinningsmile(complements/compliments)hispleasantdemeanor.
4.Everycustomerwhospendsmorethanfiftydollarsongrocerieswillreceivea(complementary/complimentary)boxofdetergent.
5.KaraandZekeattributethelongevityoftheirrelationshiptotheir(complementary/complimentary)personalities.Inamannerofspeaking,sheistheyintohisyang.
Compliment
Complement
Complements
Complementary
Complementary
DifferencebetweenFartherandfurther
FARTHERdenotesphysicaladvancementindistance.
FURTHERdenotesadvancementtogreaterdegree,asintime.
Itisfartherdowntheroad.(Fordistancephysicallytraveled.)
Youreadfurtherinthebook.(Toagreaterdegreethanwhereyouarenow.)
Youfurtheryoureducation.(Toagreaterdegreethanwhatyouhavenow.)
1.Howmuch__________doyouplantodrivetonight?
2.I'vereachedtheendofmyropewiththisdogchewingupthecarpet.Ijustcan'tgoany_____________.
3.Doyouhaveany_______________plansforaddingontothebuilding?
4.That'salot_____________thanIwanttocarrythismachineandtripod!
5.The_____________thatItraveldownthisroad,the____________behindscheduleIget.
6.Howmuch___________doyouintendtotakethislegalmatter?
7.Iwantto___________mycareerbytakingsomemanagementcourses.
8.It'snotthatmuch____________tothegasstation.
9.Howmuch____________doIhavetoreadinthistext?
10.Howmuch__________doIhavetorun,Coach?
1.farther
2.further
3.further
4.farther
5.farther,further
6.further
7.further
8.farther
9.further
10.farther
DifferenceAffectandEffect
Affectisaverbhardlyeverusedasanoun
AffectdealswithfeelingforexRachealshavingherheaddidnotaffectthewayGabrielfeltabouther.
Effectbothnounandverbandbothwidelyused
Foregseeingaliveworminhisdinerhadaneffectonbrian.
Wewilleffectachangetotheschooluniform(wheneffectisaverb)
whenuaffectsomethinguproduceaneffectonit.
Effectisbothnounandverbasin:
effectistheresult/influenceandtheverbeffectmeansputintoaction/carryoutasin:
Thegovernmenthaspointedoutthebadeffectcertaindrugshaveonpeopleandhasdecidedtoeffectnewlawstorestrictthesaleofthesedrugs.Affectisusuallyaverbandsuggestsinfluenceasin:
Somepeopleareeasilyaffectedbytheweatherandtendtobemorecheerfulwhenthesunisshiningandlesshappywhenit'sraining.
Asanoun‘affect’indicates‘afeelingoremotion,’whereas‘effect’means‘theconsequenceofsomeactionorprocess’
Asaverb,‘affect’means‘toexertaninfluenceupon,’whereasto‘effect’indicates‘tobringaboutasaresult’
Mostgenerally,affectisusedasaverbandeffectisusedasanoun.Whensomething‘affects’something,itproducesan‘effect’onit.Insomesituations‘effect’isalsousedasaverbwhile‘affect’isappliedasanoun.
When‘affect’isusedasaverb(usedwithobject),itgivesthefollowingmeanings
Toacton;produceaneffectorchangeinEx:
Rainaffectedthecrops
Toimpressthemind;movethefeelingofEx:
Herloveaffectedhimsodeeply
When‘affect’isusedasanoun
Psychology,feelingoremotion
Inpsychiatry:
observedemotionalresponsethatisrestricted,flat,orbluntedaffect,asymptomofmentalillness,especiallyschizophrenia.
Synonymsof‘affect’:
acton,alter,change,disturb,induce,influence,involve,modify,move,overcome,relate,transform,simulate,takeon
Effect(Noun)
Somethingthatisproducedbyacause;result;consequenceEx:
Exposuretothesunlighthadtheeffectofonyoureyes.
Powertoproduceresults;efficacy;force;validity;influence:
Ex:
Susan’sstubbornnesshadnoeffectonPhill’smind.
Thestateofbeingeffective,accomplishmentorfulfillment:
EX:
putyourplanintoeffect.
Addingspecialeffect
Effect(Verb)–usedwithobjects
Produceasaneffect;br
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