语言学考试总结1.docx
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语言学考试总结1.docx
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语言学考试总结1
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
Thedesignfeatureoflanguage:
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.注意arbitrariness,duality这两个。
Arbitrarinessmeanstheformsoflinguisticsignsbearsnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Forinstance,wecannotexplainwhyabookiscalleda/buk/andapena/pen/.还有三个特点,看一下。
Mainbranchesoflinguistics:
Phonetics(语音学),Phonology(音系学),Morphology(形态学),Syntax(句法学),Semantics(语义学),Pragmatics(语用学)
Morphologyisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.
SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.
Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)---Psycholinguistics(心理语言学)注意定义(investigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample),Sociolinguistics(社会语言学),Anthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学),Computationallinguistics(计算机语言学).
Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics:
(理解)
Descriptivevs.Prescriptive(描写式/规定式):
thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.
Synchronicvs.Diachronic:
(共时/历时):
synchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation;diachroniclinguisticsisstudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.
Languevs.Parole(language/speaking语言/言语):
thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistic.
Competencevs.Performance(语言能力/语言运用):
alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence,andperformancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
Phonetics(语音学)studieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandperceived.
ThethreebranchesofPhonetics:
ArticulatoryPhonetics(发音语音学)发展最成熟,AcousticPhonetics(声学语音学),AuditoryPhonetics(听觉语音学)
Phonology(音系学)studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofthesyllables.
IPA---InternationalPhoneticAlphabet
Consonants(辅音):
theMannerofArticulation(发音方式)、thePlaceofArticulation(发音部位)(这部分理解,各考一个)看课本35页到37页辅音和元音的发音规则表
发音方式:
(八种)
Stop/Plosive(塞音/爆破音):
Completeclosureofthearticulators(发音器官)isinvolvedsothattheairstreamcannotescapethroughthemouth./p,b,t,d,k,g/
Nasal(鼻音nasalstop):
Theairisstoppedintheoralcavity(口腔)butthesoftpalate(软腭)isdownsothatitcangooutthroughthenasalcavity(鼻腔)/m,n,n/.
Fricative(摩擦音):
Africativeisproducedwhenthereiscloseapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamispartiallyobstructed(阻碍)andturbulent(不稳定的)airflowisproduced./f,v,
Approximant(近音):
Thisisanarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltract(声道)beingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced./w,r,j/
Lateral(边音):
Theobstructionoftheairstreamisatapointalongthecenteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth./l/
Trill(颤音)Atrillisproducedwhenanarticulatorissetvibratingbytheairstream./r/
Tap/Flap(触音/闪音):
Whenthetonguemakesasingletapagainstthealveolarridge(齿龈)toproduceonlyonevibration,thesoundiscalledatap.Theflapispronouncedwiththetipofthetonguecurledup(卷着)andbackinaretroflex(卷舌)gestureandthenstrikingtheroofofthemouthinthepost-alveolar(后齿龈)regionasitreturnstoitspositionbehindthelowerfrontteeth.
Affricate(塞擦音/破擦音):
Affricatesinvolvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricative(摩擦音)atthesameplaceofarticulation.
发音部位:
(十一个)
Bilabial(双唇音):
Madewiththetwolips./p,b,m//w/(we)
Labiodental(唇齿音):
Madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth./f,v/
Dental(齿音):
Madebythetonguetiporblade(舌叶)andtheupperfrontteeth.
Alveolar(齿龈音):
Madewiththetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarridge.
Post-alveolar(后齿龈音):
Madewiththetonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge.
Retroflex(卷舌音):
Madewiththetonguetiporbladecurledback(卷曲)sothattheundersideofthetonguetiporbladeformsastricturewiththebackofthealveolarridgeorthehardpalate(硬腭).
Palatal(硬腭音):
Madewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate.
Velar(软腭音):
Madewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.
Uvular(小舌音):
Madewiththebackofthetongueandtheuvula,theshortprojectionofsofttissue(软组织)andmuscleattheposteriorendofthevelum(软腭).
Pharyngeal(咽音):
Madewiththerootofthetongueandthewallofthepharynx(咽).
Glottal(声门音/喉音):
Madewiththetwopiecesofvocalfolds(声带)pushedtowardseachother.
Vowels---cardinalvowels(基本元音),pure/monophthongvowels(单元音),vowelglides(滑元音),diphthongs(双元音/ai/),triphthongs(三合元音/aie/)
Broadtranscription(宽式标音):
Usesimpleandcommonsymbolsfortheunusualsymbols.
Narrowtranscription(严式标音):
Usemorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetail.
Phoneme(音素)
Minimalpairs(最小对立体)---针对元音音素/i:
/---/i/(beat/bit)/ei/---/ai/(tale/tile)
Allophones(音位变体):
(Thevariationinthepronunciationofphonemeindifferentpositionsiscalledallophonyorallophonicvariation.)aphoneticvariantofphoneme.e.g./p/---peak,speak.
Assimilation(同化):
aprocessthatonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.---nasalization(鼻音化/kait/---/kain/),dentalization(齿音化/tent/--/ten),velarization(软腭化),regressiveassimilation(逆同化),progressiveassimilation(顺同化)
Dissimilation(异化)
Morpheme(词素)isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordramaticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
Morphology(形态学/词形学)studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
Typesofmorphemes:
Freemorpheme(自由词素dog,close,nation),boundmorpheme(粘着词素dis-,-ed),root(词根international---nation;friendships---friend),affix(词缀),stem(词干friendships---friendship),inflectionalaffix(曲折词素friendships---s),derivationalaffix(派生词素recite---recitation---recital)
Affixisacollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem),soaffixisnaturallybound.
Prefix(前缀):
para-,mini-,un-举例如unconscious,minibus等
Suffix(后缀):
-ise,-tion,-ism
Infix(中缀):
abso-blooming-lutely
LexicalChangeProper:
Invention(发明法),Blending(混成发),Abbreviation(缩写法advertisement---ad),Acronym(缩略法WTO---WorldTradeOrganization),Back-formation(逆构词法),Analogicalcreation(类推构词),Borrowing(借词法)。
ImmediateConstituentAnalysis(直接成分分析法)---treediagram(树形图)
Coordination(并列and,but,or)Subordination(从属)Subject(主语)Predicate(述谓)ThemeAheme
Embeddedsentence(嵌入句)compoundsentence(并列复合句)Particle(小品词up,down,in…)
TheReferentialTheory(指称论)---主张这一理论的代表人物是Plato(柏拉图)
Synonymy(同义词)isthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.
Antonymy(反义词)isthenameforoppositenessrelation.
Hyponymy(上下义关系)isarelationbetweentwowords,inwhichthemeaningofoneword(thesuperordinate上位词)includesthemeaningofanotherword(thehyponym下位词).
CognitiveLinguisticsisanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguagethatemergedinthe1970sasarecreationagainstthedominantgenerativeparadigmwhichpursuesanautonomousviewoflanguage.Itreferstothebranchoflinguisticsthatinterpretslanguageintermsoftheconcepts,sometimesuniversal,sometimesspecifictoaparticulartongue,whichunderlieitsforms.Anditisbasedonhumanexperiencesoftheworldandthewaytheyperceiveandconceptualizetheworld.
预设(preinstall):
利用语言进行交际时双方所共知的常识或根据句子的语境推断出来的信息。
Vernacular(本地语言)
句子类型:
判断句子类型----简单句(下面都是简单句),复杂句(有从句或是非谓语那类),并列句(有并列连词的and,but,or)等
SV---Thechildislaughing.
SVO---Markcaughttheball.
SVC---Maryiskind/anurse.
SVOC---Wehaveprovedhimwrong.
SVA---Maryishere/inthehouse.
SVOA---Iputtheplateonthetable.
SVOO---Shegivesmeexpensivegifts.
Whatismeaning/sense?
---Theword“meaning”itselfhasdifferentmeanings.G.Leechrecognizes7typesofmeaninginhisSemantics,asfollows:
Conceptualmeaning,Connotativemeaning,Socialmeaning,Affectivemeaning,Reflectedmeaning,Collocativemeaning,andThematicmeaning.(这问题我也不知道)
形态规则MorphologicalRules
词汇结构规则lexicalstructurerules
短语结构规则Phrasestructurerules(这三个不知道怎么考,我没找到)
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