功能语法论文.docx
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功能语法论文.docx
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功能语法论文
FunctionalAnalysisofInterpersonalGrammaticalMetaphorunderDifferentSocialContexts
MaXiaoyuan
(LiaoningNormalUniversity,Departmentofforeignlanguages,Dalian)
Abstract:
interpersonalmetaphorisoneoftheimportantpartsofHalliday’sgrammaticaltheory,whichincludestwoparts:
metaphorofmoodandmetaphorofmodality.Thisessaymakesananalysisofthefunctionsofinterpersonalmetaphorfromvarioussocialcontexts.
Keywords:
interpersonalgrammaticalmetaphor;functions;socialcontexts
Ⅰ.Introduction
Hallidaypointsoutthatlanguagepossessthreemainmeta-functions:
ideationalmetafunction,interpersonalmetafunctionandthetextualmetafunction,andalsodividedthegrammaticalmetaphorintointerpersonalgrammaticalmetaphorandexperientialgrammaticalmetaphor.Andinterpersonalgrammaticalmetaphorjustreferstothemetaphoricalphenomenonthatoccursduringtheinterpersonalcommunicationevent.Itiswidelyusedasawayoflanguageusingtoestablishandmaintainbetterrelationswithotherpeopleinvolvingnon-congruentwaysofenactinginteraction.Soitcanbringsmanydifferentfunctionsandbenefitswhenusedinvarioussocialsituations
Ⅱ.Interpersonalmetaphor
Interpersonalmetaphorhasmetaphorofmoodandmetaphorofmodality.
Themetaphorofmoodmayexplainaphenomenonthatwhysometimesmoodchoicesandspeechrolesdon’talwayscoincide.Forexample:
couldyougetmeadrink?
awordswhichyousaidtoapersonisakindofindirectspeechactshiftingademandforgoods-and-servicestoaquestionabouttheotherperson’sability,theeffectisthereforesoftenthedemand.Onemoreexample:
Whatistheuseoftherulesifnooneobeysit?
Thissuperficialquestionrealizedintheinterrogativemoodisactuallyastatement,whichistypicallyrealizedinthedeclarativemood.Withthismetaphoricalstepanexchangeofgoodsorservicesisconstitutedasanexchangeofinformation.Andinsomecontexts,theusingofmetaphorofmoodwillshowmorepolitenessandconsultationthananyothernormalmood,so,itbroadensthefunctionoflanguagefromthesemanticperspective.
Andthenisthemetaphorofmodality.Modalityistheexpressionofthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthelikelihoodornecessityoftheproposition,andiscongruentlyrealizedbymodalverbs,andmodalmetaphorjustreferstothemodalmeaningreflectedbytheclausewhichisoriginallyembodiedbythemodalverbs,modaladverbsortheextendedpartofthepredicate.Forexample:
A:
Youaresupposedtocomeheretomorrow.B:
Itisexpectedthatyoucomeheretomorrow.SentenceBisamodalmetaphorbecausethemodalmeaningofextendedpartofpredicate“supposedto”isshowedbytheclause“itisexpected”.Andthebasicdistinctionthatdetermineshoweachtypeofmodalitywillberealizedis“orientation”.Orientationisthedistinctionbetweensubjectiveandobjectivemodality,andtheexplicitandimplicitvariants.Hallidaystates,Theexplicitlysubjectiveandexplicitlyobjectiveformsofmodalityareallstrictlyspeakingmetaphorical.
Ⅲ.Interpersonalmetaphorindifferentsocialcontextsandit’sfunctions
(1)Inadvertisements
AdvertisingEnglishisaveryusefulvariantofmodernEnglishforaparticularfunctionwithhighcommercialvalue.Inordertogettingthestrongeffectofguidanceandpersuasion,thedesignersoftheadvertisementalwaysuseaspecialmethodinlanguagetoshowtheinterpersonalrelationsandgetthetrustofthecustomers.So,interpersonalmetaphorsarewidelyusedinadvertisinglanguage.herearetheexamples:
A.Areguidebookstheonlywaytoacity’ssoul?
HaveyoudrivenaFordlately?
Advertisingisanadjuncttomodernbusiness.Itspurposeistoprovideconsumerswithproductinformation;therefore,theadvertisinglanguageshouldbenormallydeclarativesentences,butinfactwecanusuallyseealotofimperativesentencesorquestionsinads.Thisisjustanexampleofmetaphorofmoodinit.Thequestionsintheadscanbeonlyansweredbythereadersthemselves,andit’sausefulwaytoarousethecuriosityofthem.
Sometimesadvertisementsjustshowtheiropinionsthroughsomesuggestionsorhidethesubjectivetraces,likethisairservicesad:
B.Itseemsthatgivingtoawideselectionoffirstrunmoviesmusicvideos,news,gamesandsportswillmakeyourtriprelaxingandenjoyable.
Thisexplicitlyobjectiveformofmodalitytotallyhidesthesubjectivewillandcanbringtheattentionandtrustofthecustomers.Variouskindsofexpressionsthroughinterpersonalmetaphorbroadenthepotentialofandattractmorecustomers,whicharejustthepurposeofadvertisingEnglish,andanalysisoftheinterpersonalmetaphorinadvertisinglanguagecanalsodeepenourunderstandingandimproveourwritingskillaboutit.
(2)Inthemilitarynews
Intheanalysisofmilitarynewsdiscourse,itisfoundthatinterpersonalmetaphorsaremainlyexpressedthroughthemetaphorofmodality,theuseofmetaphorofmoodisveryrare,whichmaybecausethefeatureofmilitarynewsdiscourseistoreportthetruth,andbyusingmuchmoredeclarativesentencescanplaybetterthefunctionoftransmittinginformationofnews.Andthetwoformsofmetaphorofmodality:
boththeexplicitlysubjectiveandtheexplicitlyobjectiveformsofitenhancetheobjectivityandcredibilityofmilitarynews.Herearetheexamplesofmetaphorofmodalities:
A.Major-GeneralBarneyWhite-Spannersaid,“Ithinkwe’regettingclosetowhatweintendtodoinsouthernIraq.”
Mr.KhantoldanaudienceattheInternationalInstituteforStrategicStudiesinLondon,“...I’mafraidthatthelongerthewargoeson,themorepeoplewillberadicalized.”
B.ItwouldbewrongtoassumethatZardariwillgoeasyonmilitantsjustbecauseofthatonedeal,howeverrepellent.
Itisunclear,however,whetherMPswillgivethestatus-of-forcesagreementthegreenlight,withsomepoliticiansdemandingthatthetextbeputtoapublicreferendum.
Theformerisusuallyrealizedindirectspeech,expressingtheviewsofsomeauthorities,andalsotosomeextentrepresentsthemodaldirectionsofthereporters,becausethewordsarequotedornotisintheircontrol.Butthelattermakestheopinionofthereportersanunquestionedfact,becausethesourceofmodalityisconcealedandtheobjectiveevaluationisemphasized.
(3)Inbusinessnegotiation
Inbusinessnegotiations,theinteractionbetweennegotiatorsliesinthewordsandattitudes.Asinglewordoratonecanaffecttheresponsesofbothsides;it’ssubtleandinfluential,therefore,thetoneuseinthenegotiationdeservesyourcarefulattention,itshouldbecourteous,tactfulandinareasonablemanner.Comparethefollowingtwosentences:
A.(a)Wecannotmakeaprofitwiththosenumbers.
(b)Howwecanmakeaprofitwiththosenumbers.
Sentence(b)hereusesthemetaphorofmoodbyaskingaquestiontoreplacethefactthat“wecannotmakeaprofitwiththosenumbers”,it’smildandnon-threatening,turningthecensureintosoftcomplaintssubtlywithoutanyharshfeelings.Ithelpsyoutoadheretoyourprincipleandalsoavoidthesturdy.Anotherexample;
B.(a)youarewrong/Idon’tagreewithyou.
(b)Let’slookatthisanotherway.
Herethesentence(b)avoidstheuseofdirectrebuttalwordsbutinasuggestivetone;inducethenegotiatortorethinkaboutthequestioninadifferentattitude.So,usingthismetaphorofmoodcanhelpyouachieveyourgoalwithoutoffendingtheotherpart.
TherearealsomanymetaphorofmodalitiesinnegotiationEnglish:
C.Ifyoucan,Ithinkwecandiscussthisfurther.
Youcanusethissentenceifyouwanttomakeacompromisetobreakthecurrentsituationwhenthenegotiationfallsintoanimpasse.Usingtheexplicitlysubjectivemodality“Ithink......”istotelltheotherpart“wecancontinuetonegotiateifweagreetothiscondition”,Pointoutthattherearesomepossibilitiesandalsooutoftheshacklesofcommitment.Anothermetaphorofmodality:
D.Itseemstomewe’regivinguptoomuchinthiscase.
Thissentencereplacethewordsthat“you’regivingustheshortendhere”.Useacalmandeasytonetopointoutthefact;itavoidstheembarrassmentoftheconditionlikecursingeachotherwhenbothpartsknowwellaboutthetruth,ithelpstoreducetheblameandeasetheconfrontation.
(4)Inthetechnologicaltexts
Inthetechnologicaltexts,theinformationisusuallyillustratedthroughthewritingmaterialbutnotfacetofaceinteractionsbetweenthewriterandthereader.Butwecanalwaysfindsomequestionsinthetext,anditisobviouslythatit’stheidealreaderswhoarecreatedbythewriteraskthequestionsbutnotthewriterhim/herself.Anditisametaphorofmoodbutnotarealquestion,forexample:
A.Isnotωsuchanelementofrealityanddowenotassumethenitsexistencetostartwith?
Theansweristhattheω’Srepresentonlyanecessarytooltocountandaverageallmeasurementscorrectly.
Inthiscase,thewriterismoreaninformationproviderthanapersonwhoreallyneedsit;theinterrogativemoodreflectsthestatementfunctionhere,havinganinteractionwiththereadersthroughthemetaphoricalexpressions,liketheexampleabove,canmakeiteasierforthereadertoacceptthetheoriesthathavepresentedbythewriter.
Itisalwaysthoughtthatmodalityshowsthesubjectivity,butinfactitshowstheeffortsthatthespeakershavemadeforthetruthvalueoftheirspeech.Theirspeechcanbeseenasadirectreflectionofthefactandtosomeextentreflectsthecognitiveviewofnon-modal.So,themodalityinthetechnologicaltextscanbeseenastheeffortsthatthewriterhasmadetoshowthetruthlevelandobjectivityinhis/herdiscourse.Forexample:
B.itislikelyth
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