现在分词与过去分词的差别.docx
- 文档编号:13046554
- 上传时间:2023-06-10
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:23
- 大小:37.82KB
现在分词与过去分词的差别.docx
《现在分词与过去分词的差别.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《现在分词与过去分词的差别.docx(23页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
现在分词与过去分词的差别
1. 现在分词与过去分词的差别
英语中的分词分两种:
现在分词(the present participle)和过去分词(the past participle)。
虽然它们在句子中都可作名词修饰语、接系动词补足语、宾语补足语等,但是它们形式不同,而且语义也有差别。
现在从四方面举例说明。
⒈现在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的(例①-③);过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的(例④-⑥):
① The boiling water is hot.
② A sleeping baby is good to look at.
③ She has a smiling face.
④ You can use the boiled water to make tea.
⑤ Where is my lost key?
⑥ A broken mirror cannot be repaired.
有时,由于两个动词“异词同义”,其分词也跟着不同 ,如:
⑦a. Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt?
b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt?
⑧a. His new book consisting of useful data has been well received.
b. Do you like the book made up of untrue stories?
⒉在语义上,现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。
前者有 “令人……”的含义(见例⑨);过去分词则有“感到……”的意思(见例⑩):
⑨ The soccer match last night was thrilling.(令人紧张)
⑩ The soccer fans were delighted.(感到高兴)
其他例子有:
● amazing:
amazed
● annoying:
annoyed
● boring:
bored
● confusing:
confused
● surprising:
surprised
● terrifying:
terrified
试比较11a和b以及12a和b:
11a. This is the most confusing system I have ever seen.
11b. The children will get confused if asked to learn too much at a time.
12a. David came with some surprising news.
12b. All were surprised at Sam’s sudden resignation.
⒊在作宾语补足语时,如果宾语是有关分词逻辑上的主语,就用现在分词,如:
13. The teacher found a student dozing off.
14. Don’t keep the visitor waiting.
如果宾语和有关分词有“动词+宾语”关系,那么这个分词就要是过去分词了,如:
15. Where did you get your book printed?
16. You should have your office whitewashed.
在13里,正在打瞌睡的是宾语“a student“; 在14里,宾语是 “the visitor”。
15里,“printed”的宾语是“books”; 16里, “whitewashed”的宾语是“his office”。
4.分词短语相当于副词从句,但现在式表示的是主动的行动,如例,过去式表示被动的行动,如:
17 Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted.
18 Written in haste, the essay had some errors.
2. 学习词汇先认清方向
词汇是语言学习中重要的一环。
不管学什么语言或写什么文章,丰富的词汇是不可或缺的要素。
然而,许多学习语言的人常常为词汇不足而大伤脑筋。
为什么会这样呢?
主要原因是他们没有认清学习词汇的正确方向。
其中一个不正确的方向是对字义的认识不够全面。
当他们懂得一个生字的其中一个意思时,便高兴得很,好像是完全掌握了这个字似的。
比如知道“arm”的意思是“手臂”,就够了吗?
那么①和②里的两个意思呢?
① The soldiers are up in arms.
② Riot police armed themselves with batons and tear gas.
另一个不正确的方向是对惯用语等闲视之。
许多人只知道生字生词而忽略了各种惯用语的构成和特殊意义,结果对惯用语的应用一知半解或避而远之,这是不对的。
学习词汇的正确方向
现在就谈谈学习词汇的两个正确方向。
●学习单字单词时,要把主要的意思都记起来,并且注意它们的用法。
接着要注意每个字的派生词(derivative words)的构成及用法,如:
① friend→friendly; unfriendly;unfriendliness
② secure→insecure; insecurity
③ satisfy→satisfied; satisfying;satisfactory;satisfactorily;satisfaction
(a)He satisfied all his teachers.
(b) He has done everything satisfactorily.
(c) His work is satisfactory.
(d) Has he done everything to the satisfaction of his parents, too?
如果可能的话,可以把意思相近的字集合起来,通过联想去学习并区别它们在句子中的用法有何不同。
有可能的话,顺便把合成词( compound words)也兼收并蓄。
●必须在常用惯用语上下功夫。
一般人只知生字,不大留意惯用语的存在,更不去多管惯用语的类别及构成法。
比如英语惯用语中最主要的一种是片语动词(phrasal verbs),数量很多,必须尽量学习和运用,会话或写作都适合。
例如:
① I have to brush up (on) my economics for tomorrow’s test.(温习)
② Seeing that there was much work to do, Henry decided to call off his European trip.(取消)
③ Can the government do away with some outdated systems?
(废除)
除了片语动词之外,其他类型的惯用语也要加强,包括下列 5 种短语:
Ⅰ. 介词短语,如:
in a nutshell; by leaps and bounds; under the weather59; for the time being.
Ⅱ. 动词短语,如:
act as a brake on; Keep tabs on; make a clean breast of; get out of the rut.
Ⅲ. 名词短语,如:
child’s play; a feather in one’s cap; a feast for the eyes.
Ⅳ. 形容词短语;如:
regular as clockwork; palatable to; compatible with; short of; few and far between.
Ⅴ. 谚语和成语,如:
all is well that ends well; give him an inch and he will take an ell; never say die; strike while the iron is hot; the early bird catches the worm.
3.介词用法口诀
早、午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in。
有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,
收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、*、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。
特定时日和"一……就",on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下,above、below则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。
’
beyond超出、无、不能,against*着,对与反。
besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。
同类比较except,加for异类记心间。
原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分。
before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。
since以来during间,since时态多变换。
与之相比beside,除了last but one。
复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在......方面,有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。
4.主谓语一致应注意的某些问题
英语句子中。
谓语动词必须同句中主语的人称和数保持一致,在主谓语一致的关系上应注意以下几方面。
1、 用 not only but also, neither...nor, either...or, not...but, or等连词连接的两个并列主语,谓语动词通常与它最近的主语保持一致。
谓语动词用单数或复数,取决于离它最近的主语是单数还是复数。
Not only the Children but also their father knows something about this matter.不仅孩子们知道,父亲也知道这件事情。
Neither Canada nor Mexico requires that Citizens of the United States have passports.加拿大和墨西哥都不要求美国公民持有护照 。
On most American farms, one or two principal products are raised for a cash crop.在大多数美国农场,有一两种主要农产品是商品作物。
但偶尔也见用neither...nor, either...or, or连接的两个并列主语, 其谓语动词用复数,这种用法受古英语的影响,不宜模仿使用
Neither money nor fame have influence on me.名与利都不能影响我。
My life or death are equal both to me. 生或死对我都是一样。
2、 用as well as, as much as, no less than, together with, along with,rather than,more than, in addition to,but,except,besides,not,including, accompanied by, like, unlike, among, coupled with等词语连接的两个主语,谓语动词与离它最远的主语保持一致,谓语动词用单数或复数取决于离它最远的主语是单数还是复数。
The teacher as well as a number of students, was asked attend the party.那位老师,以及许多学生应邀出席了宴会.
John as much as his brothers was unsuitable for the job.约翰和他的兄弟同样不适合干这工作.
You no less than she are very glad at the news.你和她听到这个消息都很高兴。
The teacher, along with a committee of bright students has compiled a reading list.那位教师和一批高才生已经编写了一份读书目录。
Senator Davis,with his assistant and his press secretary is scheduled to arrive in New York today.参议员戴维同其助手和新闻秘书定于今日到达纽约。
Mary, rather than her roommates, is to blame.不是玛丽的室友,而是玛丽应受责备。
Tom, more than anyone else is anxious to go there again.是汤姆而不是别人急于要再到那儿去。
You, not I, are to blame.不是我,是你应受责备。
但是,用with连接两个并列主语时,偶尔也见谓语动词用复数,此种用法受古英语的影响;不宜模仿使用。
Old Sir John with half-a-dozen were at the door.老约翰爵士和五六个人在门口。
3、 用and连接的两个并列主语,谓语动词用单数的特殊情况。
1)两个并列主语前用each, every, many a和no修饰时,或者并列主语前由一个each,every,many a等修饰时,谓语动词用单数。
Each day and each hour brings the news of the war. 每天每小时都带来战争的消息。
Many,boy and many,girl likes swimming.许多男孩和女孩都喜欢游泳。
Every taxi and bus in the city has its own sign.这个城市的每辆出租汽车和公共汽车都有自己的标志。
Soon every man, woman and child was talking about how to wipe out the enemy.不久每个男人、女人和小孩都在谈论如何消灭敌人.
2)两个并列主语指同一个人时,要特别注意and后的名词有无冠词,有冠词时则指两个人,谓语要用复数。
The Premier and Foreign Minister was present at this state banquet.总理兼外长出席了这次国宴。
The secretary and the principal were present at the meeting.校长和书记都出席了会议。
3)两个并列主语指一个单一概念或同一物时,谓语动词用单数。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.睡得早,起得早,富裕、聪明、身体好。
If law and order is not Preserved,neither the citizen nor his property is safe,如果不保护法律和秩序,公民的人身和财产都不安全。
The sum and substance of the matter is that we must rely on our own efforts.问题的要点是,我们必须自力更生。
Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.尝试和失败同是学识之源。
His end and aim is success.他的目标是成功。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.、诚实才是上策。
4)两个并列的物质名词作主语指一种食品或饮料时,谓语动词用单数。
Coffee and milk is my favorite drink.牛奶咖啡是我喜欢的一种饮料。
Fish and chips is getting very expensive.炸鱼和炸土豆片贵起来了。
Bread and butter is served for breakfast.早餐供应奶油面包.
Ham and eggs is my favourite breakfast.火腿蛋是我喜欢的早餐。
4、集合名词作主语时,单数形式复数意义的名词作主语时。
谓语动词用复数。
常见的这类名词有:
people, police, cattle, poultry, militia, livestock, youth, vermin, folk, foot(步兵) mankind,military(军方)等。
These people are waiting for their passports.这些人在等护照。
The military have surrounded the building.军队包围了那座建筑物 。
These cattle are on their way to market.这些牛在运往市场的途中。
The youth of today don’t know what they want.当今的青年人不知道自己在想要什么。
5、 单复数同形的集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数,取决于该名词是表团体还是表团体中各个成员。
表团体时用单数,表团体中的各成员时用复数。
常见的这类名词有:
committee, family, class, team, audience, band, crew, government, company,firm, staff,party, group, management, school, union,crowd, club 以及army, board, congress, couple, herd, jury, parliament, personnel等。
The committee is made up of seven members.委员会由7人组成。
The committee are holding talks. 委员们正在举行会谈。
My family has moved into a new house. 我家已搬进了新房 。
My family are all well.我们全家人都很健康。
Our class consists of twenty students.我们班有20个学生 。
Our class all like speaking English.我们班的学生都喜欢讲英语。
The audience was small owing to the bad weather.因天气不好,观众很少。
The audience were all moved to tears. 观众都感动得流泪了。
但某些表集体的不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
常见的这类名词有:
equipment,furniture,luggage,Clothing, machinery, traffic, information,knowledge, scenery. crockery陶器,merchandise商品等。
The traffic is at a stand still. Something is wrong.交通停顿了,一定出了什么问题。
6、单复数同形的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式或用复数形式,取决于该名词的定语所表达的是单数意义还是复数意义。
表达的是单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式!
表达的是复数意义,谓语动词用复数。
常见的这类单复数同形的名词有:
works, means, crossroads, headquarters, barracks, species, series, craft, aircraft. hovercraft. spacecraft. sheep, fish. shark. Wild duck, buffalo, swine. grouse. Swiss, Japanese. Chinese等。
At the bottom of the hill there is a dangerous cross roads.山下边有一个危险的交*路口。
There are three cross roads before you turn right.走过三个交*路口,然后向右转。
There is one works here, and there are two works there. 这儿有一个工厂。
那儿有两个工厂。
The only one hovercraft was turned out a day过去一天只生产一只气垫船。
Three hovercraft are made a day.现在一天生产三只气垫船。
There are five sheep on the farm but there are only three goats. 农场里有五只绵羊,但只有三只山羊。
7、某些以-s结尾的名词作主语时。
以-s结尾的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词一
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 现在 分词 过去 差别