欧美技术性贸易壁垒对珠三角地区玩具业的影响及防范措施学位论文.docx
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欧美技术性贸易壁垒对珠三角地区玩具业的影响及防范措施学位论文.docx
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欧美技术性贸易壁垒对珠三角地区玩具业的影响及防范措施学位论文
摘要
随着世界贸易日趋全球化,许多发达国家更多的利用技术性贸易壁垒来控制进口。
欧美地区作为珠三角地区玩具业出口的集中市场,其技术性贸易壁垒的影响越来越深远。
如何迅速、有效地应对欧美技术性贸易壁垒是当前政府、行业组织和出口企业的首要任务。
首先,本文分析了珠三角地区玩具业的现状及存在问题。
接着,根据技术性贸易壁垒的两个主要影响因素,本文概括了珠三角地区玩具业受欧美技术性贸易壁垒影响下的四个方面。
最后,本文针对欧美技术性贸易壁垒对玩具业的影响所提出了五点防范措施。
希望本文对珠三角地区玩具业应对欧美技术性贸易壁垒提供有效建议。
关键词:
技术性贸易壁垒;玩具业;影响方面;防范措施
TableofContents
Abstracti
摘要ii
1.Introduction1
1.1Backgroundandsignificance1
1.2Researchquestionsandmethodologies1
1.3Innovationpoints1
2.LiteratureReview3
2.1Therelevantresearchabroad3
2.2TherelevantresearchinChina3
3.CurrentSituationonToyIndustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion4
3.1Singleproductionmode4
3.2Shortageofindependentbrand4
3.3Over-centralizedexportmarket4
3.4Lackofstandardizedsupervision4
4.ImpactofTBTfromtheOccidentonToyIndustry6
4.1Impactfactors6
4.1.1Technicalregulations6
4.1.2Conformityassessmentprocedures6
4.2Impactaspects7
4.2.1Exportrestriction7
4.2.2Productsrecalledinbatches7
4.2.3Productioncostsincreased8
4.2.4Reputationdamage9
5.Countermeasures10
5.1EstablishingspecializedTBTconsultativecenter10
5.2Establishingindustrialwarningmechanism11
5.3Establishingqualityandsafetytraceabilitysystem11
5.4Establishingproductsdetectionsystem12
5.5Improvingoldandintroducingnewtechnologies12
6.Conclusion13
6.1Majorfindingsofthecurrentstudy13
6.2Limitationsandsuggestionsforfurtherresearch13
Bibliography14
Acknowledgements15
1.Introduction
1.1BackgroundandSignificance
AlongwiththeChina’sparticipationinWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)andtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomy,thecompetitionofinternationalmarketbecomesmoreandmoreintenseandcomplex.Nowadays,theinfluenceoftraditionaltradebarriers,namelytariffbarriers,hasreducedgradually.Comparedwithtraditionaltradebarriers,non-tariffbarriers(NTBs)havesomeadvantages,suchasnon-transparencyandgreatereffect(ZhangSufang,2003:
91).WiththefeaturesofNTBs,TBTbeginstohaveincreasinglytangibleandintangibleinfluenceoninternationaltrade.
Atpresent,TBThasbecomethelargestnon-tariffbarriersthatinterferesthetoyexportsofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.Itistoolatetotakeactionwhenwetakelessons.Therefore,thisrequiresgovernment,industryorganizationsandenterprisestoworktogetherandtryhardtoovercomethiscrisis.Inviewofthenewcharacteristicsofinternationaltradeprotectionandtheexistingproblemsofournation’stoyindustrydevelopment,thispaperstartsfromanalyzingthecurrentsituationandexistingproblemsoftoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.Afterthat,itmakesanintensivestudyofthemajoraffectedaspectsontoyexporttradeofPearlRiverDeltaRegionfromTBToftheOccidentthroughtwomainfactorsofTBT.Andfinally,itputsforwardseveraleffectivecountermeasurestohelptoyindustrytostepacrossTBT.Thus,ithasimportanttheoreticalandpracticalsignificanceonthedevelopmentoftoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.AnditishopedtobehelpfulfortoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegiontoovercomethedifficulties.
1.2ResearchQuestionsandMethodologies
Thedissertationisprimarilyconcernedwiththefollowingfourresearchquestions:
(1)What’sthecurrentsituationoftoyindustryinPearlRiverDeltaRegion?
(2)WhatarethemajorfactorswhichimpactthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionfromTBT?
(3)HowhavethemajorfactorsinfluencedthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion?
(4)WhatarethecountermeasurestorespondtotheTBTfromtheOccident?
Thepresentstudy,accordingtotheprofoundanalysisofpresentmaterialsandcombinedwithseveralpracticalcases,respondstotheaboveresearchquestionsandhasasummaryofthewholedissertation.
1.3InnovationPoints
Fromthepresentliteraturereviews,itisnothardtoseethatresearchesonaspecificproductorregionwhichhassufferedfromTBTareseldom,particularlyonthetoyindustry.Mostofthemgiveresearchesontheproblemssosuperficiallythattheycannotprovideeffectivewaystohelpinjuredpartytosolvetheproblem.Besides,TBTfromtheOccidenthasaheavyhitonthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion,whichhasarisenaseriesofproblems.Withthepresentresearchesandliteratures,itisessentialtohavearesearchonthisfield.
Therefore,theinnovationpointofthispaperisthatitconcentratesonaspecificproductinaspecificregion,andthatisthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion.Fromtheeconomicperspective,thispaperaimstoresearchtheimpactofTBTfromtheOccidentontoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionandproposeeffectivecountermeasurestohelptheexportenterprisestoovercomethedifficulties.
2.LiteratureReview
2.1TheRelevantResearchAbroad
Sincethe70softhe20thcentury,foreignscholarswereinitiallyinvolvedintheresearchofTBT.RobertE.Baldwin(1970:
143)putsforwardthattechnologyandmanagementlawsandregulationsnormallyassociatedwithhealth,safetyorotherimportantpublicinterestsconcerned,oftenbecomeunnecessarybarrierstotradebetweendifferentcountriesorhealthgoalsinasafeformoftradedifferencesunnecessarydistortionandshouldbeeliminated.ForissuesofdevelopingcountriestoTBT,SherryStephenson(1997)givesamorecomprehensiverepresentationtotherelevantstandardsindevelopingcountriesfromthepolicyandinstitutionalaspect.JohnS.Wilson(1999)hastheanalysisoftheimpactofdevelopingcountriesfromtheimplementationoftherelevantagreementsontheWTOanditsexports.Fromtheempiricalresearch,OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)(1999)hasasurveytocollectlargenumbersofindustrialdatatoanalyzetheimpactlevelofTBTontradecosts,andtheconclusionisthatitaccountsfor2%to10%ofthewholeproductioncostsiftheexportproductsshouldachievethedifferentstandardsandtechnicalregulationsrequiredbythemembersofOECDwhichhaveincludedthecostoftestingandcertification.TsunehiroOtsuki(2000)hasanalyzedtheexportimpactofAfricaduetothecontentstandardsofaflatoxinimprovedbytheEuropeanUnion.Withtheanalysisofthedataoftradeandregulationsfor15EuropeanUnioncountriesand9Africancountriesfrom1989to1998,hehasgiventheconclusionthatsincetheEuropeanUnionhasimplementedthestrictcontentstandardsofaflatoxin,theannualexportshavedecreased60%.
2.2TheRelevantResearchinChina
Afterthe90softhe20thcentury,domesticscholarsbegantofocusontheanalysisoftheModelCodetoGATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)andsourcesofTBT.Fromtheperspectiveofstandardization,YeBolin&ChenZhitian(1992)haveanalyzedtheproblemofTBT,andmadeaframeworkanalysisoftheformationofcodesofstandards,theconceptandbasiccontentofTBTandthetechnicalregulationsystemofdevelopedcountries.FortheimpactofTBTtoChina’sexporttrade,XiaYoufu(1999)hasanalyzedtheimpactofChina’sexporttradefromTBTfromtheindustrialaspectandproposedpolicyrecommendations.SinceChina'saccessiontoWTO,domesticscholarsengagedinpayingattentiontotheroleofdomestictechnicaltradeprotectionsystemonhowtocopewithforeignbarriersandproctectdomesticmarketandindustrialdevelopment.Forinstance,SunJingshui(2005)haspointedoutthatformulatingandimplementingstandardizationstrategyarethemosturgentandeffectivewayforournationtoestablishtechnicaltradingprotectionsystemandsafeguardnationalinterestsandstepacrosstechnicalbarriers.
3.CurrentSituationonToyIndustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegion
3.1SingleProductionMode
Accordingtotheclassificationofindustrialstructure,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionbelongstolabor-intensiveindustry.ItisdestinedthatthetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionhassingleproductionmode.Comparedwiththeinternationaltoygiant,mostofthetoyindustryinPearlRiverDeltaRegionareinsmallscaleandproducewithconventionalprocessingequipments.Even90%ofitstoyenterprisesareknownasOriginalEquipmentManufacturer(OEM).UnderOEM,sellersusethebrandnameortrademarkdesignatedbybuyersontheirmanufacturedgoods(ZhouRuiqi,WangXiaoou&XuYuefang,2010:
108).Besides,themajorityoftheproductsarethelowaddedvalueproducts,suchasplastictoysandstuffedtoys.Duetothissingleproductionmode,thetoyindustryinthisregionhasdifficultiestotransformandupgradetotechnology-intensiveindustryorcapital-intensiveindustry.
3.2ShortageofIndependentBrand
Asaresultofthesingleproductionmode,thetoyindustryofPearlRiverDeltaRegionhastheshortageofindependentbrand.Inthechainofdesign,productionandsales,thetoyindustryinthisregionisonlyattheendofaddedvalue.Comparedwiththeworldwidefamoustoybrands,suchasDenmark’sLEGO,America’sRUSSandDISNEY,PearlRiverDeltaRegionhasseldomfamoustoybrands.Furthermore,thelackofinnovationcapabilitymakesthetoyenterprisesstilldependonthetechnologyanddesignprovidedbytheforeigncustomers.Becauseofthis,thepassivemanagementriskundertakedfor“designdefects”isincreasinglyapparent.
3.3Over-centralizedExportMarket
AccordingtoChineseCustoms’statistics,theOccidentisstillthemaintoyexportmarketforPearlRiverDeltaRegion,accountingfor67.1%oftotalexports.Whenthetoyenterprisesreceiveordersfromtheoverseascustomers,theyorganizeproductionandthensellabroad.Eventhoughthecentralizedexportmarketcanguaranteethemarketsaleroomoftoys,therearestillrisks.Assumethatoneimportcount
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- 关 键 词:
- 欧美 技术性 贸易壁垒 珠三角 地区 玩具 影响 防范措施 学位 论文