中国简史受益非浅.docx
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中国简史受益非浅.docx
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中国简史受益非浅
中国简史,受益非浅(Inenglish)0
ForquitealongtimeChinesetrulybelievedthatChinawasthecenteroftheworld.(TodaytheystillcallChinaZhongguowhichmeanscentralkingdominEnglish.)Theyweresoproudofthemselvesandlivingpeacefully.Andforquitealongtimetheireconomyremainedself-sufficientthattheyneverneededtotradewithanybodyforanything.Theirworldwasclosedandsomuchisolated.ButwealsofoundsomegoodreasonsforthisuniqueandinterestingChinesesocialpatternduetoitsspecialgeographicallocationintheworld.ActuallyChineseculturestartedfromthemiddlereachesoftheYellowRiver,sameasEgypt,IndiaandBabylonoriginatingfromsomebigriversorlakesaswell.ButChinawasborderedbythehugemountainslikeHimalayasinthesouth,theterribledesertsinthewest,theforeverfrozenSiberiaupinthenorthandthePacificOceantotheeast.ObviouslyChinesewerenotabletogobeyondthesebarriersandtomeetanybodyeasily,maybeoncetheywishedandtried,butthefactwastheyhadbeenlivingaloneforsomanyyears.SofarnorecordscouldshowChinaeverhadanycontactsofanykindswithIndiauntil1stcenturyADthoughtheyweresoclosetoeachotherlikeneighborsandtheirculturesbeganalmostthesameperiodoftime,andtheHimalayasstoodbetweenthesetwogreatcountrieskeepingourpeoplefrommeetingeachother.About3000yearsagoMongolsgrewupandbegantoplywithChinesefromthenorth.ThiswasthefirsttimethatChinesehadbeenmadetorethinkwhotheywereandwheretheseMongolswerefrom.NowwecanimaginehowdifficultitwasforChinesetochangeforanewwayoflivingandthinkingandhowharditwasforthemtosharetheirworldwithothers.Theireasyandpeacefullifeandtheirprideinbeingtheonlypeopleintheworldwerechallengedsomuch.Theygotlostcompletely.Theyoncetriedtorebuildtheircountryandsystem,butwesawtheyfailedthewarstoMongolscontinuously,theyevenbecamehostiletowardtheirownneighbourstatesintheend.Itcausedaterribleconfusionregardingthevalueoflifeandleftsuchasocialchaos.Thislastedforalmost500years.SomebodytermsittheWarringStatesPeriod,othersmayusethewordliketheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Sincethentheirprideandself-confidenceweregoneandtheybegantotrustnobodyandstartedtomakethefamouswallsofChinaweseetoday,attemptingtokeepeverybodyawayregardlessoffriendsorenemies.Andfinalytheywalledthemselvesin,likeasnailinitsshell.Higherthewalltheybuiltmoreisolated,reservedandignoranttheybecame.Eventuallytheyrejectedanythingforeign.Thiswaswhatwesawinthelast300years.IntheChinesehistoryfewdynastiesreallyruledoutsidethesewalls,buttheyfoughtwarswithMongolsconstantly.The2nddynasty,HandynastyonceattemptedtomakepeacewithMongols.Theyusedtosendtheiremperors’daughtersandconcubinesovertointermarryMongols.Butweknowmarriagesarenotdependable,cannotmakepeacelastverylong.ForsomanyyearsitseemedthatChinesehadneverhadtimetoseriouslythinkofthemselvesandMongols.ItwasverystrangethatsometimesChineseappearedarrogant,superiorwhentheseforeigndevilswereoutsidethesewalls,butsometimestheseforeigndevilswouldbecomeChinesedistinguishedForeignQuestsbeingtreatedsodeferentiallywhentheyfinallygotinsidetheseChinesewalls.MarcoPolowasthefirsttocometoChinafromEurope.ItwasevenabiggersurprisenowtoseetheseredhairedandblueeyedpeoplewhileMongolsfirstcame,butitdidn’tsurprisethemthatmuchbecausetheybroughtanewculture,butwestilllookedalike.Soontheyevensawsomeblackpeopletoo.Theyfinallyunderstoodtheywereactuallylivingwithsomanystrangersaroundtheminthesmaeworld.Theybecamelostagain.ThispsychologicalproblemhadbeenperplexingChineseforcenturies.Todayitstillis.Bytheturnofthe19thcentury,overadozenofcitieswereopenedalongthecoastforfreetradebyforeignforces.WesternproductswerebroughtintoChina.ThismeantChinesehadtochangeagain.ThefactwasChineselikedwesternpowerfulengines,newmachines,beautifulclocks,colorfulstainedglassesandsoon,butnotforeignideas.Thisisasridiculousasbuyingeggswithouttheirshellsinthemarket.Theydidn’tunderstandallthesetogethermadethisnewanddifferentculturefromthewest..Soitresultedintwoopiumwarsbothin1840and1860andtheboxerRebellionin1900.Todayfewstillrememberasearlyasin1870,someChinesestudentsonceweresentoverseastostudythewesternCulturehopingtofindsomethingincommonforbothChineseandforeigners.SomestudentscamebackwithscienceandtechnologywhichtheythoughtcouldmakeChinaastrongcountryandChinesepeoplestandupagain.TheyopenedsomefactoriesnearthecoastlikeinShanghaiandTianjin.Butitdidn’tmadeChinaastrongcountryatall.Chinaonceboastedveryadvancedtechnologylongtimeagosuchasthefourgreatinventions(gunpowder,paper,printingandcompass).Obviouslyitwasnotamatteroftechnology.OthersbelievedChinaneededtolearntopractisethewesternelectionsystemofdemocracy,butitneverreallyworkedinChina.Thefactwaswecouldn’thavedemocracyalone.WeneedabigmiddleclasstosupportitlikeinAmerica.SomestudentslearntaboutthecommunisminFranceandGermany.ItwasbelievedCommunismwasabettersysteminwhicheverybodycouldgetsomethingheneeded.Theideaisgreatandwonderful.ButitcanneverworkinanywherebecauseitissurelyagainstthehumannatureFamilyPrivacy.In1911Qingdynastywasoverthrown,Manchuemperorsweregone.ButwhatreallyhappenedwassincetheindustrialrevolutionstartedinEngland,itchangedEuropeanditchangedthewholeworld.ButChinesewerestillproudoftheiroldculture,stillinfantasyofNo.1middlekingdomoftheworld.NowEuropeansbuilttheirshipsbiggerandbigger,butwestillfarmedthesamewayourgrandgrandfathersfarmedonethousandyeasago.Weweremadetocompetewiththewesternersunfairly.Oureconomygotcrumbledgradually.ThegovernersofthoseprovincessurelyfeltQingdynastywasgoinguptotheend.Theyallchosetowaitandseeiftheycouldgetholdofsomemoregovernmentarmiesorlocalforces.Theyhopedtheymightgetanupperhandinthenextdynastyoranewgovernmentofsomekindtheywerenotquitesureaboutyet.AtthismomentChinesecommunistsweregettingactiveandtheQinggovernmentwasoverthrownunexpectedlyfast.Thosebigprovincesbecameindependentstates.Butwhentheyfinallydiscussedwhowasgoingtobethenewleader,theyfoundeverybodyhadenougharmiesandwaspowerfulenoughtobethisnewleader.Attheendtheycompromisedandgotanoutsidertoactastheirnewleaderwhoactuallyhadnopowerinhishand.ThisluckyandunluckypersonwasDr.Sunyatsent.Andthiswasourwarlordperiodinthe1920s.SincethenChinahasneverbeenreallyruledandcontrolledbyeitherJiangChaichiekorChairmanMao,becausetodaywearestillonecountrybuttwodifferentsystems.Inthelast100yearswehavehadsomanypowerstrugglesandrevolutionsinwhichourpeoplesufferedinnocently.Everyrevolutionleftourpeoplesomethingdifferentfromwhattheywerepromised.Ourpeoplewerecheatedandmadefoolsof.TodaywehaveTVs,computers,somemayevenhavecarsandnicehouses.butwestillcannotchooseourleadersyet.InChinayoumaystillfindmuchsimilarityofwhatwascommonlypracticedinQingdynasty.Officialmaygetcertaintreatmentaccordingtohisrank.Theyaregrantedapowertoenjoyandtoabuseeventobeforgiven.Tosomeextentsthisgovernmentisnobetterthantheold.BecausetherearetoomanyemperorlikeofficialstodaywhiletherewasonlyoneemperorwhocouldenslaveourpeopleinoldChina.Nocountry,nosystem,nopeopleintheworldcanaffordthesemanyemperorlikeofficials.Maowasagreatmanindeed.Hewasamanwhoreallycaredourpeople.HewasborninarichfarmerfamilyinHunan.Hehadgoodtraditionaleducationinhishometown.IfhewerenotbecomingoneofthemostimportantChinesecommunistleaders,hemightberememberdasagreatpoet,historian,strategist,philosopherandcalligrapher.Inhisearlypoemshewasfoundambitiousandoutstanding.HehadallnecessarypowersandabilitiesaChineseemperorneededalready.In1921ChinesecommunistpartywasfoundedinShanghai,soontheyestablishedarelationwithSovietUnion.TheysworetomakeChinaanothercommunist.EventuallySovietUnionbroughtDr.Sun’snationalistandthecommunisttogether.Andtheycooperatedforafewyears.In1925,DrSunpassedaway.Mr.Jiangtookhispositionquickly,HebelievedsoonerorlaterChinesecoomunistsweregoingtobehisdangerouspoliticalenemies.Soin1927Mr.JiangkilledhundredsofcommunistsinthesouthnearCanton,butthosecommunistescapeesgottogetheragainindeepmountainswherenowarlordscared.ItwasthiseventthattaughtMaoSpearsandriflesbringabirthtoanewgovernment.Theystartedfromscrachesagain.AndtheysetupafewSovietgovernmentsveryquicklythere.WhenMrJiiangwasawareofwhathappenedthereitwastoolatealready.In1934Mr.Jiangbroughtthetroupesfrom6differentprovincestotrytowipeoutMao’sfarmerforces.MaoledhisfarmersawayandplayedTomandJerrywithMr.Jiang.Maodidn’twanttohavewarwithMr.Jiangnowyet.Hestartedthefamouslongmarchinstead.Theyfoughtthrough13provincesandgotupinthenorthtofightagainsttheJapanese.Heknewhecouldwinthewholecountrybywinningthemindsofthepoor.HewasshowingthepublicthathewasfightingagainsttheJapaneseforChinaalone,onthecontraryMrJiangwasdoingnothingbutkillingtheChinesecommunists.ThismaybestanswerWhywith8millionwellarm
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