Sexism in English.docx
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Sexism in English.docx
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SexisminEnglish
英语中的性别歧视
SexisminEnglish
Contents
Abstract………………………………………….……….………………...1
Keywords……………………………….……..………………………...1
I.Introduction……………………………………….………..……………2
II.LiteratureReview…………………………………….……………...….3
1.Reviewtheresearchabroad………….…..……………....………………3
2.ReviewtheresearchinChina…………...……………….………………3
III.OriginsofSexismintheEnglishLanguage……………………..3
IV.PhenomenaofSexismintheEnglishLanguage……………..…..4
1.Inmorphology………………………………………..……….…………4
2.Insyntax………………………………………………...………………5
3.Insemantics…………………………………………..…………………6
1)Differentconnotationsofsex-pairedwords…………………..…..…..…6
2)Theunfavorablesemanticdevelopmentagainstwomen…………….……6
3)Women-specificwordsorphrases………………………….………...…7
4)Someotheraspects……………………………………………..………8
V.Desexism………………………………………………………………9
1.Sexismandfeministmovement…………………………...…….………..11
2.Summontousenon-sexismwords……………………..…….…………..12
3.Summontocontributetothenoblecauseofestablishingharmonioussociety.…………………………………………………..……………12
VI.Conclusion………………………………………………..…………….12
References……………………………………………...………………..….13
SexisminEnglish
Abstract:
TheresearchonsexisminEnglishcanbetracedalongtimeago.Inthe1920smanylinguisticsandsocialistshaveputforwardthisviewthatthereweresomanywordsinEnglishthatcanonlybeusedformaleorfemale.Wordsthatshowthediscriminationbasedongender,especiallydiscriminationagainstwomenareverycommonphenomenonnotonlyinthepastperiodbutalsoinourtime.StudyingissuewouldhelpEnglishlearnersunderstandbothlanguagesandculturesfromthisaspect.Itwillalsobenefitustofocusonthecomparisonandcontrastofthesetwolanguages.Furthermore,ithelpsusestablishourharmonioussociety,hencemoreandmorelinguisticsandsocialistsaredoingtheircontributionstosuchproblem.Thispaperdiscussessexisminthetwolanguagesandculturesfromacomparativeperspective.
Keywords:
sexism;Englishlanguage;desexism
摘要:
英语中性别歧视的研究可以追溯到很久以前。
在上世纪20年代许多语言学家和社会学家都提出在英语中有许多词汇仅能针对男性或女性使用。
有性别歧视的词汇是基于性别,特别是针对女性的性别歧视。
这不仅在过去而且在现在都是非常普遍的现象。
因此越来越多的语言学家和社会学家正在尽其所能为次项研究作出贡献。
关于英语中的性别歧视的研究能帮助英语学习者从语言和文化两方面更加深刻的理解英语中的性别歧视.此篇论文就英语语言和社会中的性别歧视进行了研究,为我们在今后的学习生活中消除这种男女不平等现象提供了依据,有助于建立和谐社会。
关键词:
性别歧视;英语语言;反性别歧视
I.Introduction
SexisminLanguageisakindofsocialphenomenon,whichreflectsthecertaintraditionalsocialvaluesandthenationalwayofthinking.OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglishwithChineseTranslationdefinesSexismasthediscriminationbasedongender,especiallydiscriminationagainstwomen.Sexismisthebeliefthatonesexisnotasgood,clever,etc.astheother,especiallywhenthisresultsinunfairtreatmentofwomanbymen.OttoJesperson,theDanishlinguist,inhisGrowthandStructureoftheEnglishLanguage(1923),pointsthatEnglishisthemostmasculinelanguageasfarasheisconcerned.Soit’snecessarytodiscusssexisminEnglish:
itsoriginsphenomenaanddesexism.WecanfindtheoriginofsexisminEnglishintheHolyBible.ManwasfirsttobecreatedbyGodwhilewomanwasthenmadefromoneofhisribs.Fromtheorderofthebirth,itisobvioustoseethedifferentimportanceofmanandwoman.Andmanandwomanarenotequalatallbecausewomanisonlyapartofman,whichitselfisthediscriminationagainstwomen.ItissaidintheHolyBiblethatthefirstsinisalsocommittedbythewomanwhowasseducedbythesnakeintoeatingandhavingthemaneatthefruitofthetreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil.Therefore,womanisalwaysrelatedtothetroubleandthewickedness.HolyBibleinfluencesthewesterncultureandsocialvaluessomuchthatitisreferredtoastheoriginofsexisminEnglish."Languageisthemirrorofthesociety."Alanguagereflectsalltheaspectsofasociety.IntheEuropeanupperclass,peoplethinkthatwomenshouldn’tworkoutside,andtheonlythingtheyshoulddoistostayathome,dothehouseworkandraisethechildren.ThetraditionalconceptionstillwidelyspreadsintheEuropeandAmericaevenaftertheindustrialization.Womenaretreatedastheweakersexandtheyrealizetheirownvaluesthroughtheirmarriage.Nowadays,comparedwithcareermen,fewwomentaketheirjobs.Uptonow,mostofmen,nonetheless,dominatethehigherpositionswiththebettersalariesbutwomenremaininthesubordinatejobs.Thusthesexisminthesocietyhasbeeninexistence,togetthesexismoutourcivilizationisstillamustjobforus.The44thInternationalLinguisticAssociation,whichholdinAmericanNewYorkuniversityApril1999,putthe"Gender﹠Language"ascentretopicfordiscussion.ItisobviouslytoseethathowimportantthestudyofsexisminEnglishis,linguistshavealreadyconsideredthedifferencesbetweenhumansexesasamustingredientintheresearchingoflinguistics.Thetasksofthethesisaretoreviewthehistoryoftheresearchingabouttheingredientofsexinlinguistic,expatiatethebackgroundofthisresearchandvistaitsforegroundwithstudyingthedevelopuptrendofcontemporarylinguistics.
II.LiteratureReview
1.Reviewtheresearchabroad
TheresearchontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderfirsttookplaceinancientGreece.TheearliestresearchersofthisfieldwhosenamesarerememberedbythefollowinglinguistsmightbeJ.GrimmandW.vonHumboldtbecausetheirtheoreticalproductionsinfluencedalmostallofthewesternscholarsinsociolinguistics.Atthattimepeoplewanttoexplainthedefinitionof"genus"ingrammarsotheyhadputforwardsuchanassumptionwhichtheythoughtthat"genus"ingrammaristhesymbolof"sexus"inbiology.DenmarkJespersonistheearliestlinguistwhofocuseson"genderlanguage".In1923hepublishedtheDevelopmentandStructureofEnglish,inwhichhesaid:
"Englishisthelanguagemostfamiliartome"andhethoughtthatEnglishisa"genderlanguage"(sexistlanguage).Afterhim,somelinguistscriticizedhimforhisconclusionthatmalelanguageispreponderatedthanfemalelanguage.Therefore,duringthatperiodoftime,theresearchaboutsexisminEnglishisscatteredandnon-systemic.
2.ReviewtheresearchinChina
ChinesefamouslinguistDr.Yangyong-linhasalsodoneagreatcontributiontoresearchingsexisminEnglish.In2004,Yangyong-linpublishedAStudyofSociolinguisticIssues.HeconsideredthattheresearchofsexisminEnglishcanbedividedintofourperiodsoftime:
1.Enlightenmentstage(60`s20centuries).2.allthepeopleparticipantstage(70`s20centuries).3.scienceresearchstage(80`s20centuries).InthefourthstagescholarsbegantotrytostudythesexisminEnglishwhiletreatitasasubjectofsociolinguistics,theymanagetoexplainthephenomenaofsexismthough"linguisticrelativity".Inthefirststagetherearetwonotablefeatures,thediscussioncoveredcomparativelynarrowandthestudyofsexismusuallyappearedastheappendanttofeminismandsocialissues.Inthesecondstagetheresearchismostlynotsystemicallytrainedinlinguisticssotheattitudespartlyhave"folketymology".Tillthefourthstage,theresearchaboutsexisminEnglishhasreachedamorematurestage.
III.OriginsofSexismintheEnglishLanguage
WhatcausedthesexismintheEnglishLanguage?
Therearetwoorigins.OneisfromtheHolyBible(TheBooksofTheOldTestament):
TheLordGodtookoneofhisribsandclosedupitsplacewithflesh.AndtheribthattheLordGodhadtakenfromthemanwhichtheLordGodmadeintoawomanandbroughthertotheman.Thenthemansaid,”Thisatlastisboneofmybonesandfleshofmyflesh;thisoneshallbecalledWoman."ManwasfirsttobecreatedbyGodwhilewomanwasthenmadefromoneofhisribs.Fromtheorderofthebirth,itisobvioustoseethedifferentimportanceofmanandwoman.Andmanandwomanarenotequalatallbecausewomanisonlyapartofman,whichitselfisthediscriminationagainstwomen.HolyBibleinfluencestheWesterncultureandsocialvaluessomuchthatitisreferredtoastheoriginofsexisminEnglish.IntheWest,Bibleisconsideredastheoriginofallthecultures,sothestoriesinBiblehavegreatlyinfluencedpeople’sthoughtandlife.AccordingtoBible,Godcreatedtheworld.Thenhecreatedamanandawoman,butthewomanwasmadebytakingoutaribfromtheman.Andthewordwomanoriginallymeantthewifeofman.Sowomenhavealwaysbeenregardedasapartofmen,withoutindependenceanddignity.Althoughitisjustamyth,ithasbeendeeplyrootedinpeople’sminds.People,especiallymen,wouldliketotakeitforgrantedandthusshapetheiroutlooksandculture.Asapartofculture,languagesurelyreflectsthisidea.
Ontheotherhand,"languageisthemirrorofthesociety."Alanguagereflectsaltheaspectsofasociety.IntheEuropeanupperclass,peopleembracethatwomenshouldn’tandmustn’tworkoutside,andtheonlythingtheyshoulddoistostayathome,dothehouseworkandraisethechildren.ThetraditionalconceptionisstillwipespreadintheEuropeandAmericaevenaftertheindustrialization.Womenaretreatedastheweakersexandtheyrealizetheirownvaluesthroughtheirmarriagetoman.Nowadays,comparedwithcareermen,fewwomentaketheirjobs.Uptonow,men,nonetheless,dominatethehigherpositionswiththebettersalariesandwomenremaininthesubordinatejobs.Thusthesexisminthesocietyhasbeeninexistenceandtheembodimentofthesexismisnecessarilythesexismoflanguage.
IV.PhenomenaofSexismintheEnglishLanguage
1.Inmorphology
InEnglish,thewordsthatdesignatemenareusuallyunmarked,whilethosedesignatingwomenaremarked.Itiscalledlinguisticasymmetry.Taketwopairsofwords
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