届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义57页word版.docx
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届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义57页word版.docx
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届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义57页word版
2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题猜测词义
【考纲解读】
考频统计
卷名
年份
课标全国Ⅰ
课标全国Ⅱ
课标全国Ⅲ
2017
1
1
1
2016
1
2
2
2015
1
1
—
2014
2
2
—
2013
0
1
—
考点内容
要求考生能够读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息,根据上下文推断生词的词义。
分析解读
猜测词义题旨在考查考生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句子的意思的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。
它不仅涉及考生的语言水平,还涉及考生的语言应用能力和综合素质等方面。
猜测词义题虽不是阅读测试的重点,但也是常考题目,是对考生多方面综合能力的考查。
因此,今后的高考中这类试题将保持平稳,而且试题增加了对短语、句意的猜测的考查。
近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加,需在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。
【命题探究】
(2017课标全国Ⅲ,C)
Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.
GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.
Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceof①wolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageoftheparksredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaytheparksbeavers.
Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.
Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitors②andmanagesthewolfpacks③inYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback④.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.
1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.
B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.
C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.
D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.
2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?
A.Tested.
B.Separated.
C.Forcedout.
D.Trackeddown.
3.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?
A.Damagetolocalecology.
B.Adeclineintheparksincome.
C.Preservationofvegetation.
D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.
4.WhatistheauthorsattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?
A.Doubtful.
B.Positive.
C.Disapproving.
D.Uncaring.
命题方法
猜测词义题是高考英语阅读理解中常见的题型,一般考查对生词的猜测、熟词生义的猜测、短语的猜测、代词的指代以及句子的理解。
精准审题
根据第2题What,theunderlinedword“displaced”和mean可知本题考查词义猜测。
解题步骤
1.通过定义、定语(从句)、同位语(从句)来确定词义。
如:
Itwillbeveryhardbutbrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.(brittle易碎的)
2.通过文中的反义词及but,while,however,insteadof,ratherthan,unlike,yet,otherwise,though,onthecontrary等来猜测词义。
3.通过同义词来猜测词义。
如:
Cleaningupwaterwaysisagigantictask.Thejobistoolarge,infact,...(gigantic=large巨大的)
4.通过原因或结果猜测词义。
5.通过文中的举例猜测词义。
如:
Nowadaysmanypeoplespendmuchmoneyonapplianceslikewashingmachinesandrefrigerators.(appliance家用电器)
6.利用语境及上下文,再结合自己的生活常识猜测词义。
7.通过所学构词法猜测词义。
高效解题
根据上文中GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstonearea及下句Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.可推知displaced的意思是forcedout(迫使离开),故答案为C项。
【答案】
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B
【注释】
①intheabsenceof在没有……的情况下 ②monitorv.监控 ③wolfpack狼群 ④makeacomeback东山再起;重新流行 如:
Thebell-bottomsmadeacomebackinthelate1980s.喇叭裤在20世纪80年代末又再度流行起来。
【五年高考】
Passage1(2017课标全国Ⅰ,D)词数:
311
Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,itsanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,sinceitsallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area5'×5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjustadrinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedonyourbelt.
Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeetdeep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatchersproductivity.Placeyourcupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.
Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweightingthesheetscenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove,thecup.
Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)andcollectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwonthavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.
1.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?
A.Itsdelicate.B.Itsexpensive.
C.Itscomplex.D.Itsportable.
2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?
A.Thetube.B.Thestill.C.Thehole.D.Thecup.
3.Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?
A.Digaholeofacertainsize.
B.Putthecupinplace.
C.Weightthesheetscenterdown.
D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.
4.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom .
A.theplastictubeB.outsidethehole
C.theopenairD.beneaththesheet
答案
1.D
2.B
3.C
4.D
Passage2(2017天津,C)词数:
330
Thismonth,Germanystransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriversroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.
Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:
thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.
Dobrindtwantsthreethings:
thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecarsmakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.
“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.
Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.
AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.
Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars,”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”
Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.
Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.
ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.
1.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?
A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.
B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.
C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.
D.Asituationwheredriversroleisnotclear.
2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto .
A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrules
B.helppromotefullyautomaticdriving
C.protectdriversofallagesandraces
D.preventseriouspropertydamage
3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?
A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.
B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.
C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.
D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.
4.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein .
A.SingaporeB.theUKC.theUSD.Germany
5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
A.AutonomousDriving:
WhoseLiability?
B.FullyAutomaticCars:
ANewBreakthrough
C.AutonomousVehicles:
DriverRemoved!
D.DriverlessCars:
RootofRoadAccidents
答案
1.D
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.A
Passage3(2017江苏,D)词数:
690
OldProblem,NewApproaches
Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.
Whenitcomestoadaptation
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