土建方向毕业翻译Limestone dust and wood sawdust as brick material.docx
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土建方向毕业翻译Limestone dust and wood sawdust as brick material.docx
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土建方向毕业翻译Limestonedustandwoodsawdustasbrickmaterial
Limestonedustandwoodsawdustasbrickmaterial
Abstract
Themajorityofabandonedlimestonepowderwastes(LPW)andwoodsawdustwastes(WSW)isaccumulatedfromthecountriesallovertheworldandcausescertainseriousenvironmentalproblemsandhealthhazards.ThispaperpresentsaparametricexperimentalstudywhichinvestigatesthepotentialuseofWSW–LPWcombinationforproducingalow-costandlightweightcompositeasabuildingmaterial.Someofthephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofconcrete
mixeshavinghighlevelofWSWandLPWareinvestigated.Theobtainedcompressivestrength,flexuralstrength,unitweight,ultrasonicpulsevelocity(UPV)andwaterabsorptionvaluessatisfytherelevantinternationalstandards.Theresultsshowthattheeffectofhigh-levelreplacementofWSWwithLPWdoesnotexhibitasuddenbrittlefractureevenbeyondthefailureloads,indicateshighenergyabsorptioncapacity,reducestheunitweightdramaticallyandintroducessmothersurfacecomparedtothecurrent
concrete
bricksinthemarket.Itshowsapotentialtobeusedforwalls,woodenboardsubstitute,economicallyalternativetothe
concrete
blocks,ceilingpanels,soundbarrierpanels,etc.
Keywords:
Wood;Limestone;Cement;Waste;Brick;Masonry
ArticleOutline
1.Introduction
2.Experimentalprogram
2.1.Materials
2.2.Mixingandfabricationofbricks
2.3.Testmethods
3.Testresultsanddiscussion
3.1.Waterabsorptionandunitweight
3.2.Compressivestrength
3.3.Flexuralstrength
3.4.DirectUPVmeasurement
4.Conclusions
References
1.Introduction
Sincethelargedemandhasbeenplacedonbuildingmaterialindustryespeciallyinthelastdecadeowingtotheincreasingpopulationwhichcausesachronicshortageofbuildingmaterials,thecivilengineershavebeenchallengedtoconverttheindustrialwastestousefulbuildingandconstructionmaterials.Accumulatingofunmanagedwastesespeciallyindevelopingcountrieshasresultedinanincreasingenvironmentalconcern.Recyclingofsuchwastesasbuildingmaterialsappearstobeviablesolutionnotonlytosuchpollutionproblembutalsototheproblemofeconomicdesignofbuildings.Theincreaseinthepopularityofusingenvironmentallyfriendly,low-costandlightweightconstructionmaterialsinbuildingindustryhasbroughtabouttheneedtoinvestigatehowthiscanbeachievedbybenefitingtotheenvironmentaswellasmaintainingthematerialrequirementsaffirmedinthestandards.
Manypreviousresearches[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14]and[15]undertakenobtainedvaluableresultstousetheindustrialwastesinvariousformsofconcreteproduction.Forinstance,theuseofwasterubber,glasspowderandpaperwastesludgeinconcretemixhasreceivedconscribeattentionoverthepastyears.Someresearchescarriedoutinthepastusedwoodashwastesasareplacementforcementinconcretemixes[1]and[2].Althoughtheseresearchesareprovidingencouragingresults,theconcretemixeshavingbothwoodsawdustwastes(WSW)andlimestonepowderwastes(LPW)combinationhithertohasnotbeeninvestigated.Thesewastesutilizedinthisresearcharewidelyavailableinlargeamountfromtheforestandlimestoneindustries.ThispaperpresentssomephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesoftheconcretemixeshavinghighlevelofWSWandLPWasareplacementforaggregate.
Mostofthewastesusedinthisresearcharecurrentlydisposedinsanitarylandfillsoropen-dumpedintouncontrolledwastepitsandopenareas.AperennialdilemmafortheindustrieshasbeendisposalofWSWandLPWgenerated.ThispredicamentisnotuniquetoTurkeyortheUnitedStates.Thisisaworld-wideenergylossandenvironmentaldisposalproblem.Disposalofthisproductwasteisamajorproblemforthemanysmallbusinesses.Therefore,theacceptablesolutionofthisproblemwithacommercialvalueiscrucial.
Thephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofwooddustvarysignificantlydependingonmanyfactorssuchasgeographicallocationandindustrialprocesses.Hardwoodsusuallyproducemoredustthansoftwoods,andthebarkandleavesgenerallyproducemorewooddustthantheinnerwoodpartsofthetree.Onaverage,thewoodsawingresultsin5–10%dust.Currently,theblocksoflimestoneareextractedviachainsaw,diamondwireanddiamondsawsfromquarriesandthentheblocksarecutintosmallersuitablesizestobeusedasbuildingmaterial[6].Theprocessinglimestonewhichincludescrashedlimestoneproduction,resultsinapproximately20%LPW.TheestimatedLPWof21.2milliontonesintheUK,18milliontonesinGreeceand30milliontonesinTurkeyisreported[5]and[6].DisposalofLPWcausesdust,environmentalproblemandpollutionbecauseofitsfinenature.Itcontaminatestheairwiththestormsinthesummerandspringseasonsandthereforecausesserioushealthhazardsincludingspecificallyasthma.TheindustrysufferstostoreLPWduetothecostsofstorage.
TherearelimitednumbersofstudiesaboutthepossibleutilizationstrategiesofLPWincivilengineeringindustry[5]and[6].Thesampleswiththediametersof50and80 mmheightareproducedandtheircompressivestrength,modulusofelasticityanddensityaredeterminedbyGaletakisandRaka[5].Thetestsareundertakenonthelimitednumberofcylindricalsamplesthatarenotonthestandardbricksampleforms.Theflexuralstrengthandwaterabsorptionvaluesarenotdeterminedinthisresearch[5].TheotherengineeringpropertiesrequiredbytheinternationalstandardssuchasASTMC67-03[16]needtobeinvestigated.
UsingWSW–LPWcombinationasafineaggregateinitsnaturalformhasallowedeconomical,lighterandenvironmental-friendlynewcompositematerial.ThispaperpresentstheresearchworkundertakentostudythepropertiesofthisnewcompositematerialwhichcontainsthevariouslevelsofWSW,LPW,smallamountofcementasbinderandwater.Thereplacementofthesewastesasaggregateinthetestedsamplesdramaticallyreducestheunitweight.Abetterandsmothersurfaceisobtained.Thiscombinationprovidesauniquekindofbuildingmaterialwhichexhibitsconcrete-likeappearancebutitbehavessimilartowidelyusedautoclavedaeratedconcrete(AAC).Itsphysicalandmechanicalpropertiespresentedinthispapershowthatithasagreatpotentialasalow-costlightweightbuildingmaterialwhichmayoffersignificantsavingsnotonlyinlabourandtransportation,butalsointheamountsofbinderandsteelreinforcementconsumedintheconstruction.
2.Experimentalprogram
2.1.Materials
WSWusedinthisresearchisgeneratedfromthemechanicalprocessingofrawwoodinthesawingprocess.TheWSWusedinthesamplingisinitsoriginalformandtakenfromitsdisposedareanearbythetimbermanufacturesinthelocalregion.LPWusedinthebricksamplesisproducedduringquarryingoperationsintheregion.TheresultsofchemicalandphysicalanalysisofLPW,WSWandcementaregiveninTable1.ThegradingoftheLPWandWSWisshowninTable2.
Table1.PropertiesofWSW,LPWandcement
Properties
LPW
WSW
Cement
SiO2(%)
0.26
1.17
19.20
CaO(%)
56.19
0
52.00
MgO(%)
0
0
1.00
Al2O3(%)
0.25
2.38
3.70
Fe2O3(%)
0.30
0.23
0.16
SO3(%)
0
0
2.80
Na2O(%)
0
0
0
K2O(%)
0
0
0.27
CL(%)
0
0
0.006
Lossonignition(%)
42.65
96.22
8.20
pH
—
9.9
—
Density
2.67
3.00
Specificsurfacearea(m2/kg)
145
—
500
Compressivestrengthfor28days(MPa)
—
—
48
Table2.SieveanalysisofLPWandWSW
BStestsieve
Passingbyweight%
LPW
WSW
1.18 mm
99.76
91.50
600 μm
97.06
43.50
300 μm
86.39
11.50
150 μm
60.27
1.60
75 μm
44.45
0.00
ThecementusedinthisstudyisPortlandcementwithcalcite,complieswithTSEN197-1-CEMII/A-L42.5R[17],producedattheCementMillintheregion.Tabwaterisusedinthebricksamples.ThepropertiesofthewaterusedinthisstudyarepHof6.2,5.6 mg/ltsulphatecontentandhardnessof3.7.
2.2.Mixingandfabricationofbricks
FourdifferenttypesofmixturesarepreparedaccordingtotherequirementsofBS6073[18]inthelaboratorytrials.ThedetailsofmixesaregiveninTable3.ThecementandwaterproportionsinthemixesaretakenasconstanttodeterminetheeffectsofvariousWSW–LPWcombinations.
Table3.Mixtureproportionsforonebricksample
Mixno.
Cement(g)
Water(g)
LPW(g)
WSW(g)
Total(g)
Pressure(P)(MPa)
Controlmix
376
188
2936
—
3500
17
LW-10
376
188
2706
54
3324
8
LW-20
376
188
2405
108
3077
4
LW-30
376
188
2117
162
2843
2
Inthemixingprocessofsamples,LPW,WSWandcementcontentsareplacedinaconcretemixerandmixedfor1 min.ItisobservedthatWSWisuniformlyscatteredwithinthemixes.Inordertoobtainmorehomogeneousmixes,thewaterissprayedbyairpumpontothemixeswhilethemixeristurning.Another3 minofmixingisconducted.Afterward,thefreshmixesarefedintothesteelmoulds.Thetotalnumberofsamplespreparedbythisprocedureis60.Table4showsthesamplesizesandthenumberofsamplespreparedforthecorrespondingcompressivestrength,theflexuralstrengthandtheunitweighttests.
Table4.Samplesizesandthenumberofsamplesprepared
Mixno.
Forthecompressivestrengthtestsamplesize:
Fortheflexuralstrengthtestsamplesize:
Fortheunitweighttestsamplesize:
105 mm×90 mm×75 mm
105 mm×225 mm×75 mm
105 mm×90 mm×75 mm
Controlmix
5
5
5
LW-10
5
5
5
LW-20
5
5
5
LW-30
5
5
5
Totalnumberofsamples
20
20
20
Thesteelmouldisover-filledwiththemixesusingthemixtureproportionsgiven
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