美国文学考试整理笔记.docx
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美国文学考试整理笔记.docx
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美国文学考试整理笔记
Comparison:
Whitmanvs.Dickinson
1.Similarities:
(1)Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartofAmericanRenaissance§.
(2)Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:
TheywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.
2.differences:
(1)Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.
(2)WhereasWhitmanisnationalinhisoutlook,Dickinsonisregional.
(3)Dickinsonhasthecataloguetechnique(direct,simplestyle)whichWhitmandoesn’thave.
AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn
1.AssessmenttheclimaxofTwain’sliterarycreativity:
thebestbookthatTwaineverproduced
2.ThePlotHuckismotherless,andhisfatherPapisadrunkardandgood-for-nothing.Forthatreason,Huckisbroughtuptohate“civilization”and“rules”.Hesmokes,swears(咒骂),androams(闲逛)outsidehishomewithoutrestraint.However,heisgood,innocent,andupright(正直
4.Featuresofthelanguageshort,concreteanddirectineffectsimpleorcompoundsentencestructurerepetitionofwordsungrammaticalelements
ColloquialstyleaveryimportantcontributionofthisnoveltoAmericanliterature
MarkTwainmadethecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofAmerica.
5.ThemehumanismwillfinallywinSpecialpointofview:
serioussocialproblemsdiscussedthroughthenarrationofalittleilliterateboysearchforfreedomracismandslaverysocialsatireintellectualandmoraleducationthehypocrisyof“Civilized”Society
6.ThecharacteranalysisandsocialmeaningofHuckFinnatypicalAmericanboywith“asoundheartandadeformedconscience”.vulgarinlanguageandinmannerhonestanddecentinessenceHuckisthesonofnatureasymbolforfreedomandearthlypragmatismaninnocentandreluctantrebelHisremarkableraft’sjourneydownontheMississippirivercanberegardedashisprocessofeducationandhiswaytogrowup.Atfirst,hestandsbyslavery,forheclingstotheideathatifheletsgotheslave,hewillbedamnedtogotohell.Andwhenthe“King”sellsJimformoney,HuckdecidestoinformJim’smaster.AndHuckstillthinksheiswrongwhileheisdoingtherightthing.ThroughtheeyeofHuck,thepre-CivilWarAmericansocietyisfullyexposed.
7.Comparisonsthelifeontheriver&thelifeonthebankstheinnocence&theexperience
thenature&theculturethewilderness&thecivilization
ThePortraitofALady
1.IntroductionIttellsaboutthefateofoneofthosesplendidJamesianAmericangirls,IsabelArcher,arrivinginEurope,fullofhope,andwithawilltoliveafreeandnoblelife,onlytofallpreytothesinisterdesignsoftwovulgarandunscrupulousexpatriates.
ThePortraitofaLadyexplorestheconflictbetweentheindividualandsocietybyexaminingthelifeofIsabelArcher,ayoungAmericanwomanwhomustchoosebetweenherindependentspiritandthedemandsofsocialconvention.IsabelArcher,abeautiful,intelligent,andheadstrongAmericangirlnewlyendowedwithwealthandembarkedinEuropeonatreacherousjourneytoself-knowledge,isdelineatedwithamagnificencethatisatoncecasualandtensewithforceandinsight.
2.MajorThemesindependenceidentitycontrastingregionswomenandfemininitypossessionpridewealthloveliesanddeceit
(1)ThethemeofindependenceIsabelArcheristotallyindependentaftergettingthefortunebutitistheindependencethatmakeherhavesomanyself-judgmentandignoreother’sadvice.
(2)Thethemeofwealth(3)Thethemeoflovekindsoflove:
RalphandIsabelArcherLordWarburtonandIsabelArcherGasparGoodwoodandIsabelArcherGasparGoodwoodandMadameMerle
3.CharacteranalysisofIsabelArcherSheisalotofcontradictions.Sheisreal........
ThecharacteranalysisofCarrieShefollowstherightdirectiontoapursuitoftheAmericandreamthecircumstancesherdesireforabetterlifedirecttothesuccessfulgoalInessence,sheisaproductofthesocietyarealizationofthetheoryofthesurvivalofthefittestSisterCarriebestembodiesDreiser’snaturalisticbeliefthatmenarecontrolledandconditionedbyheredity,instinctandchance.ToSisterCarrie,theworldiscoldandharsh.Sheisaloneandhelpless.Shecatchesblindlyatanyopportunitiesforabetterexistence,opportunitiesInthisnovel,Dreiserexpressedhisnaturalisticpursuitbyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeandattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.
ThecharacteranalysisofHurstwoodHeisanegativeevidenceofthetheoryofthesurvivalofthefittest:
Heisstillconventional.Hecannotthrowawaythesocialmorals.HurstwoodcannothelphimselfinhisrelationshipwithSisterCarrie.Heistheimpotentmodernmanunfittosurvive.Hehoversbetweenbeingamanandabeastinhisbehavior.
InaStationoftheMetro
The“Metro”istheundergroundrailwayofParis.Poundhassaidthathewrotethispoemtoconveyanexperience:
emergingonedayfromatraininthesubway,hebeheld“suddenlyabeautifulface,andthenanotherandanother”.onlytwolinesanimageiscontained,whichlikeapicture,maytaketheplaceofathousandwords.Theremaybedifferentinterpretationsofthepoem.Atanoptimisticlevel,thepoemmayimplythateveninsuchaseeminglyleastprobablecircumstanceasagloomyundergroundrailwaystation,beautycanstillstartlepeoplewithunusualforce.Heseesthefaces,turnedvariouslytowardlightanddarkness,likeflowerpetalswhicharehalfabsorbedby,halfresisting,thewet,darktextureofabough.Theword"apparition",withitsdoublemeaning,bindsthetwoaspectsoftheobservationtogether:
(1)apparitionmeaning"appearance",inthesenseofsomethingappears,orshowsup;somethingwhichcanbeclearlyobserved.
(2)Apparitionmeaningsomethingwhichseemsrealbutperhapsisnotreal;
somethingghostlywhichcannotbeclearlyobserved.
RichardCory
1Structurethestructure:
simpleandclassictherhymescheme:
setupinabasicababcdcdefefghghpatternthelines:
fourstanzas(quatrains)thefeetandmeter:
iambicpentameter(alsoclassic)
2AnalysisThepoemisbasicallyanextendeddescriptionofaman(RichardCory)Thenarratorofthepoemspendsafull3quarters(the1st3stanzas)—doingnothingbutgenuinelypraisingthisman
Tofinishthiswonderfulpictureofthiswonderfulmanthenarratorsimplysays,“wethoughtthathewaseverythingTomakeuswishthatwewereinhisplace.”However,thepoemtakesasudden,darktwistinthelaststanza.Robinsondoesthisbyfirstrevealingalittlemoreaboutthenarrator.henarratorisinapoorfinancialandsocialstate:
Soonweworked,andwaitedforthelightAndwentwithoutmeatandcursedthebread
Thisisasharpandstarkcontrasttothefairy-talelikeglorythatisthelifeofRichardCory,andremindsthereaderofthepoemthatforeveryCoryintheworld,thereissomeonelessfortunatelookinguponthatsameCoryinawe.
TheRoadNotTaken
classicfive-linestanzastherhymescheme:
a-b-a-a-bconversationalrhythm
Inthepoem,thepoethesitatesforalongtime,wonderingwhichroadtotake,becausetheyarebothpretty:
Tworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,.......Thepoemseemstobeaboutthepoet,walkinginthewoodsinautumn,choosingwhichroadheshouldfollowonhiswalk.
Intheend,hefollowstheonewhichseemstohavefewertravelersonit.Symbolically,hechosetofollowanunusualsolitarylife,perhapshewasspeakingofhischoicetobecomeapoetratherthansomecommonerprofession.Buthealwaysrememberstheroadwhichhemighthavetaken,andwhichwouldhavegivenhimadifferentkindoflife.
Inreality,itconcernstheimportantdecisionswhichonemustmakeinlife,whenonemustgiveuponedesirablethinginordertopossessanother.Then,whatevertheoutcome,onemustaccepttheconsequencesofone’schoiceforitisnotpossibletogobackandhaveanotherchancetochoosedifferently.
StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening
1Imagery&personificationareprominentinthework.2Thepoemiswritteniniambictetrameter
3Eachverse(savethelast)followsana-a-b-arhymingscheme.Overall,therhymeschemeisAABABBCBCCDCDDDD
Chicago
ThepoempresentsastrikingandimpressivedescriptionofthevigorandvitalityofChicagoprimarilybymeansofpersonification,imagesandmetaphor.Byusingmetaphor,thevigorofChicagoishighlighted.
Inthefirst5lines,Chicagoiscomparedtothosewhomarepowerfulandvigorous.
“hogbutcher”“toolmaker”“stackerofwheat”“Playerswithrailroads”“theNationalFreightHandler”“theBigShoulders”Inthenext13lines,thepoetagreesthatChicagoiswicked,crookedandbrutalinastraightforwardwaybyassumingatalkbetweenthepoetandthepersonifiedcity,buthegoesontodevelopthethemeofthepoembystatingthatChicagois“aliveandcoarseandstrongandcunning”.theninthelast21lines,thepoetdelineates(描述)theimagesof“atallboldslugger”,“adoglappingforactions”and“asavagepittedagainstthewilderness”.Theyareallincarnationsofpower,strength,vitalityandaction.So,theuseoftheseimagesfurtheremphasizesthevigorofChicago.Moreover,thevariedsyntacticpattern(句法模式)andchangeablerhythmalsorevealthemobility(灵活性),energy,andvigorofChicago.
Symbolicmeaningof“wasteland”
The“wasteland”inthepoemas
1.modernculturehavingdriftedawayfromitsspiritualroots
2.trope(比喻)ofdestructiverepetitioncontrollinghumanhistory
3.lossoftouchwithcyclesof
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