虚拟现实与汽车自动驾驶外文翻译中英文.docx
- 文档编号:11757897
- 上传时间:2023-06-02
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:21
- 大小:34.62KB
虚拟现实与汽车自动驾驶外文翻译中英文.docx
《虚拟现实与汽车自动驾驶外文翻译中英文.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《虚拟现实与汽车自动驾驶外文翻译中英文.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
虚拟现实与汽车自动驾驶外文翻译中英文
使用虚拟现实进行汽车自动驾驶中英文2019
英文
GetreadyforautomateddrivingusingVirtualReality
DanieleSportillo,AlexisPaljic,LucianoOjeda
Abstract
Inconditionallyautomatedvehicles,driverscanengageinsecondaryactivitieswhiletravelingtotheirdestination.However,driversarerequiredtoappropriatelyrespond,inalimitedamountoftime,toatake-overrequestwhenthesystemreachesitsfunctionalboundaries.Interactingwiththecarintheproperwayfromthefirstrideiscrucialforcarandroadsafetyingeneral.Forthisreason,itisnecessarytotraindriversinarisk-freeenvironmentbyprovidingthemthebestpracticetousethesecomplexsystems.Inthiscontext,VirtualReality(VR)systemsrepresentapromisingtrainingandlearningtooltoproperlyfamiliarizedriverswiththeautomatedvehicleandallowthemtointeractwiththenovelequipmentinvolved.Inaddition,Head-MountedDisplay(HMD)-basedVR(lightVR)wouldallowfortheeasydeploymentofsuchtrainingsystemsindrivingschoolsorcardealerships.Inthisstudy,theeffectivenessofalightVirtualRealitytrainingprogramforacquiringinteractionskillsinautomatedcarswasinvestigated.Theeffectivenessofthistrainingwascomparedtoausermanualandafixed-basesimulatorwithrespecttobothobjectiveandself-reportedmeasures.Sixtysubjectswererandomlyassignedtooneofthesystemsinwhichtheywentthroughatrainingphasefollowedbyatestdriveinahigh-enddrivingsimulator.Resultsshowthatthetrainingsystemaffectsthetake-overperformances.Moreover,self-reportedmeasuresindicatethatthelightVRtrainingispreferredwithrespecttotheothersystems.Finally,anotherimportantoutcomeofthisresearchistheevidencethatVRplaysastrategicroleinthedefinitionofthesetofmetricsforprofilingproperdriverinteractionwiththeautomatedvehicle.
Keywords:
Conditionallyautomatedvehicles,VirtualReality,Head-MountedDisplay,Take-overrequest,Training
1. Introduction
Imagineyouarereadingthisarticleinyourcarasyoudriveonthehighway.Suddenly,yourcarasksyouto“take-over”.Whatwouldyoudo?
Atthetimeofwriting,thisscenariobreaksnumerouslawsandispotentiallyverydangerous.Inthefuture,itwouldnotonlybelegalandsafe,butyouwouldlikelyknowhowtoreacttoyourcar'sdemandstohandovercontrol,keepingyourself,passengers,andothervehiclesoutofharm'sway.
Infutureautomatedvehiclestheabovesituationwouldbefairlycommon.Inparticular,conditionallyautomatedvehicles(SAELevel-3 S.International(2017))donotrequiredriverstoconstantlymonitortheirdrivingenvironment;theycan,therefore,engageinsecondaryactivitiessuchasreading,writingemailsandwatchingvideos.However,whentheautomatedsystemencountersunexpectedsituations,itwillassumethatdriverswhoaresufficientlywarnedwilladequatelyrespondtoatake-overrequest.
Thereestablishmentofthedrivingcontext(i.e.rapidonboarding)isonechallengeofconditionallyautomatedvehicles(Casneretal.,2016)forthecarindustry.Therevolutionofthedrivingactivity,thecomplexityofthesenewsystemsandthevarietyofsituationsthatthedrivercanfacerequiresthatdriversmusthavealreadyacquiredthecoreskillsnecessarytosecurelyinteractwiththeautomatedcarbeforetheirfirstride.Establishingdrivers’roleandavoidingconfusion(Noyetal.,2018)iscrucialforthesafetyofboththedriversthemselvesandotherroadusers.
Atpresent,avehicle'sfunctionalitiesaredemonstratedtocustomersviaaninformalpresentationbythecardealerduringthehand-overprocess;forfurtherinformation,customersarerequiredtoreadthecarowner'smanual.Foranautomatedvehicle,thesetraditionalprocedureswouldnotbefeasibletofamiliarizethenewcarownerwiththeautomatedsystem,primarilybecausetheacquisitionofskillsbythecustomerisnotensured.Inaddition,cardealersthemselvesmustbetrainedandkeptuptodateofeachnewversionofthesystem.
Inthiscontext,VirtualReality(VR)constitutesapotentiallyvaluablelearningandskillassessmenttoolwhichwouldallowdriverstofamiliarizethemselveswiththeautomatedvehicleandinteractwiththenovelequipmentinvolvedinafree-riskenvironment.VRallowsforthepossibilityofencounteringdangerousdrivingconditionswithoutputtingthedriveratphysicalriskandenablethe controllabilityand reproducibility ofthescenarioconditions(DeWinteretal.,2012).
VRhasusuallybeenassociatedwithhighcostsandhugecomputationalpower.ForthesereasonsimmersivetrainingbasedonCAVEsorHead-MountedDisplayshasuntilnowbeenprohibitiveinmainstreamsettings.However,inrecentyears,technologicalprogressandtheinvolvementofdominanttechnologycompanieshasallowedthedevelopmentofaffordableVRdevices.
Theobjectiveofthisresearchistoexplorethepotentialoftheroleof light VirtualRealitysystems,inparticular,fortheacquisitionofskillsfortheTransferofControl(ToC)inhighlyautomatedcars.Byusingtheadjective light,wewanttomarkthedifferencebetweenVRsystemsthatareportableand/oreasytosetup(HMDs,mobileVR)andsystemsthatarecumbersomeandrequirededicatedspacetooperate(CAVEsystems).Theideaisthatthankstotheportabilityandthecost-effectiveness, light VRsystemscouldbeeasilydeployedincardealershipstotrainalargeamountofpeopleinanimmersiveenvironmentinasafeandreliableway.
ThelightVRsystemproposedinthispaperconsistsofaconsumerHMDandaracingwheel.Thispaperaimstocomparetheeffectivenessofatrainingprogrambasedonthissystemwithausermanualandwithafixed-base drivingsimulator.TovalidatethelightVRsystem,userperformancesareevaluatedduringatestdriveinahigh-enddrivingsimulatorandself-reportedmeasuresarecollectedviaquestionnaires.
1.1. Relatedwork
VirtualRealityhasbeenextensivelyusedtotrainprofessionalsandnon-professionalsinvariousdomains.Theuniquecharacteristicsoflearninginthe3DenvironmentprovidedbyimmersiveVRsystemssuchasCAVEsorHMDs,canenablelearningtasksthatarenotpossibleornotaseffectivein2Denvironmentsprovidedbytraditionaldesktopmonitors. DalgarnoandLee(2010) highlightedthebenefitsofthiskindof3DVirtualLearningEnvironments(3DVLEs)byproposingamodelbasedontheirdistinctivefeaturessuchastherepresentationalfidelityandthelearnerinteraction.
Moreindetail,HMD-basedVRturnsouttobemoreeffectivewhencomparedtoothertrainingsystems,forawiderangeofapplicationssuchassurgery(Hamiltonetal.,2002)(HMDcomparedtovideotrainer),aircraftvisualinspection(Voraetal.,2002)(HMDcomparedtoPC-basedtrainingtool),powerproduction(Avvedutoetal.,2017)(HMDcomparedtotraditionaltraining),miningindustry(Zhang,2017)(HMDcomparedtoscreen-basedandprojector-basetraining).
Whenitcomestodrivingsimulation(DS),VRisusedtostudyseveralaspectsofthedrivingtask.Inthiscontext,moving-basesimulators(Leeetal.,1998)arepreferabletofixed-basesimulators(Milleville-PennelandCharron,2015, Fisheretal.,2002)fortheircloserapproachtoreal-worlddriving(Klüveretal.,2016).
Byinvestigatingthephysical,behavioralandcognitivevalidityofthesekindofsimulatorswithrespecttotherealdrivingtask(Milleville-PennelandCharron,2015),ithasbeenalsoshownthatDScanbeausefultoolfortheinitial resumptionofdriving,becauseithelpstoavoidstressthatmayleadtotaskfailureordeteriorationinperformance.
AlthoughmostofthestudiesinDSusesstaticscreensasthedisplaysystem,recentstudiesprovethatHMD-basedDSleadstosimilarphysiologicalresponseanddrivingperformancewhencomparedtostereoscopic3Dor2Dscreens(Weidneretal.,2017). Taherietal.(2017) presentedaVRDSsystemcomposedofHMD,steeringwheelandpedalstoanalyzedrivers’characteristics; Goedickeetal.(2018) insteadproposedanimplementationofanHMDinarealcartosimulateautomateddrivingasthevehicletravelsonaroad.Evenifthesteeringwheelisthemostuseddrivinginterface,novelHMDsystemsusuallycomewithwireless6-DoFcontrollerswhichcanbeusedtocontrolavirtualcar.Inapilotstudy, Sportilloetal.(2017)comparesteeringwheelandcontroller-basedinteractioninHMD-baseddrivingsimulators.Theauthorsconcludethateventhoughobjectivemeasuresdonotprovidedecisiveparametersfordeterminingthemostadequateinteractionmodality,self-reportindicatorsshowasignificantdifferenceinfavorofthesteeringwheel.
Amongotherthings,DSprovidestheopportunitytoimplement,inaforgivingenvironment,criticalscenariosand hazardoussituations whichareethicallynotpossibletoevaluateonrealroads(Ihemedu-Steinkeetal.,2017b).Forthisreasonandtoovercomethelimitedavailabilityofphysicalprototypesforresearchpurposes,DSisextensivelyusedforstudiesonautomatedvehiclestodesignfutureautomotiveHMI(Melcheretal.,2015)forTake-OverRequests(TORs)andtoinvestigatethebehavioralresponsesduringthetransitionfromautomatedtomanualcontrol(Meratetal.,2014).
Aresearchareathatisgaininginterestintheautomateddrivingcommunityconcernstheimpactofnon-drivingactivitiesontake-overperformance.Tostudydriver'sdistractionduringautomateddriving,researchersgenerallyusestandardizedandnaturalistictasks.Standardizedtasks(suchasthecognitiven-backtask(Happeeetal.,2017),theSuRTtask(Happeeetal.,2017, Goldetal.,2013),theTwentyQuestionsTask(TQT)(Körberetal.,2016))provideexperimentalcontrol,buttheydonotusuallycorrespondtowh
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 虚拟现实 汽车 自动 驾驶 外文 翻译 中英文