外文翻译艺术和设计的知识与研究本科学位论文.docx
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外文翻译艺术和设计的知识与研究本科学位论文.docx
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外文翻译艺术和设计的知识与研究本科学位论文
2715单词,1.4万英文字符,4100汉字
Knowledgeandresearchinartanddesign
BirminghamInstituteofArt&Design,UniversityofCentralEngland,MargaretStreet,BirminghamB33BX,UK
Theideaofresearchhastendedtoelicittwosortsofresponsefromartistsanddesigners.Ontheonehand,itisperceivedastheantithesisofartanddesignactivity,somethingtodowithquestionnairesandstatistics,test-tubesandlaboratories,atoneremovefromtherealworldwithwhichartistsanddesignersseektoengage.Ontheotherhand,itisargued,artistsanddesignershavebeendoingresearchallalong,dealingwithissuesoftechnology,materials,meaningandcommunication,atasophisticatedlevel.Researchissimplyanintegralpartofallartanddesignactivity.Althoughthelatterhasmuchtorecommenditself,andIwouldargueconstitutesadistinctivetraditionofpracticalresearch,neitheroftheseresponsesisentirelysatisfactory.Indeed,itcouldbesuggestedthattheswitchfromtheformertothelatterissimplyapragmaticresponsetochangesinthefundingofhighereducation1,anattempttoseekcreditforexistingpractice,withoutwishingtochangethatpracticeinanyway.
Recenttrendsinhighereducationinartanddesignhavecombinedtomakethequestionofresearchincreasinglyimportant.Thereisagrowingrecognitioninartanddesignthatinordertoachieveparityofstatuswiththemoretraditionalacademicdisciplines,and,importantly,toattractsufficientfundingtodevelopitspotential,therewillneedtobeagreaterattentivenesstotheneedsofresearch.AsAllisonpointsout,therewillbeimportantfinancialandstatusimplicationsforhighereducationinstitutions.
Researchactivity,intermsofvolume,qualityanddirection,willbeamajorissueinthefundingofinstitutions,coursesandprogrammeareas.Itwouldbeareasonableguessthatquality'leaguetables'ofinstitutionswillbedevisedandthatboththeallocationto'leagues'andplacesinthe'leagues'willberelatedtoinstitutionalresearchprofiles2.
However,asAllisonalsopointsout,theissueoffundingfollowsfromtheabilityofpractitionersandacademicswithinthefieldofartanddesigntocreateanenvironmentappropriatetothedevelopmentofresearch,andnottheotherwayaround.And,ofcourse,itismorethansimplyaquestionofability:
'Theremustbeaninstitutional,orpedagogical,oracademic,ortechnical,orsomereasonforwantingtodoresearch.Notjuststatus,promotionandfund-raising'1.
Thequestionofwhatcountsasresearchinartanddesignisonceagainbroughttothefore.Forfundingreasonsaloneitisimportantthatresearchinartanddesignisrecognizedassuch.Yetthereisnoclearconsensusabouthowthisshouldbeachieved.Allison'scollectionofdataforhisdatabaseofartanddesignresearchsuggestedthat,'researchdegreeregistrationsarenotanadequatemeasureoftheamountofresearchwhichisbeingcarriedoutinartanddesignastheyconstituteonlyarelativelysmallproportionoftotalresearchactivity'3.Allison'ssuggestionisthatthereisaneedwithinhighereducationinartanddesign,tobuilda“professionalattitudetoresearch'2,bywhichhemeansamoresystematicandrigorousapproachtounderstandingandreferringtopreviouslycompletedresearch,andtocommunicatingresearchfindingstothefield.Ofcourse,thisisbothcommendableandnecessary,yetifitistobesuccessful,Ibelievethereisapriorneedtodealwiththemorephilosophicalquestionofwhytheacademicaccreditationofresearchinartanddesign,inparticularbyhigherdegreesbyresearch,shouldbewelcomed,initself,andnotsimplyasawayofgeneratingfunds.
TheaimofthispaperistoexplorethequestionraisedbyFrayling,'whyresearchinartanddesign?
'Inhispaper'Researchinart&design'Fraylingmakesthedistinction,adaptedfromHerbertRead'sideasonarteducation,betweenresearchintoartanddesign,researchthroughartanddesignandresearchforartanddesign4.Researchintoartanddesignisperhapsthemostconventionalofthethree,andaccountsforresearchwhereartordesignistheobjectofstudy,forexamplehistorical,sociological,andtechnicalapproaches,alongwithanumberofothers,canallbeconsideredinthisway.Thisrepresentswithoutdoubtthestrongesttraditionofresearchwithinthefieldofartanddesign.Arthistory,particularly,isalongestablisheddisciplinewithitsownauthoritiesandapproachestoresearch.However,withthechangestakingplaceinsocialandculturaltheoryitisnotclearthatarthistorywillbeabletomaintainthisprivilegedandseparatestatus.Researchthroughartanddesignaccountsforresearchwhereartordesignisthevehicleoftheresearch,andameansofcommunicatingtheresults.Researchforartanddesignisthemostcontroversialofthethree,andtheleastamenabletotraditionalacademicconceptionsofresearch.Fraylingdescribesitas:
'Researchwheretheendproductisanartefactwherethethinkingis,sotospeak,embodiedintheartefact,wherethegoalisnotprimarilycommunicableknowledgeinthesenseofverbalcommunication,butinthesenseofvisualoriconicorimagisticcommunication'2.Thisfinalcategoryaccordswithviewswhicharguethatartanddesignactivity,asitstands,alreadyinvolvesahighdegreeofresearch,withasmall'r'.FraylingusestheexampleofPicasso,who,hepointsout,sawthegatheringofreferencematerialsasameanstoanend-thepainting-andnotofinterestinthemselves,orworthyofcommunicatingtoanaudience.ThequestionFraylingraisesiswhy,excludingtheresourceissue,anyoneshouldwanttoregistersuchactivityforanacademicresearchdegree,whenitsprimarygoalistheartitself,andnotknowledgeorunderstanding.Theargumentisafamiliarone,giventhatthereexistinstitutionallyseparatewaysofrecognizingachievementinthearts,isitlegitimatetoseekacademicapprovalaswell.Itis,astheargumentgoes,ratherlikeawardingdegreesinliteraturetogreatnovelists.Althoughresearchdegreesubmissionscontainingapracticalelementhavebeenrecognizedforsometime,researchersinartanddesignhavebeenslowtotakeuptheopportunity.Onereasonforthismaybelackofaclearlyarticulatedartisticordesignreasonfordoingso.ItisthisissueIwishtoaddress.
AsitstandsFrayling'sanalysisofartanddesignresearchactivityseemstocoverallpossibilities,andonthisbasisoneistemptedtoconcludewithhim,thatitwouldbemistakentoseektojustifytheresearchstatusofsolelypracticalwork.However,tobaseproposalsforthefutureofartanddesignresearchonananalysisofthepresentsituation,maybetomissasignificantopportunity,andreinforceanideologyoftheartsandcreativity(FraylingnotesPicasso'ssuspicionofarthistorians)whichinhibitsthedevelopmentofaresearchculture.WhatIamsuggestingisthatFrayling'spaperevidencesafailureofimagination,anddespitethesubtletiesofhisargument,itisunderpinnedby,andindangerofreinforcing,theinstitutionaldividebetweentheoryandpracticeinartanddesign.AsCoyneandSnodgrasspointout,thedevelopmentofaneducationalpracticeofdesignhasbeenhamperedbytheadherenceofmanyto,whattheyrefertoas,'thedualknowledgethesis':
'Theargumentthattherearetwowaysofthinking-logical,analyticalandrationalontheonehand,andsubjective,idiosyncraticandirrationalontheother'5.Itisequallyclearthatsuchapositionmilitatesagainstthesuccessfuldevelopmentofartanddesignresearch.
Itistheperceptionofartanddesignasinherentlymysteriousactivities,whichareinsomewayinaccessible,andaboutwhichlittlecanbesaid,thathasprovidedaconceptualbasisforthedivisionbetweentheoryandpractice,andhencebetweenpracticalworkandcommunicableresearch.Itisnotdifficulttoseeintheemphasisontheintuitiveandsensoryqualitiesofart,theCartesiandualismbetweenmindandbody.However,giventhat(post)modernphilosophyhasbroughtthisoppositionintoquestion,andshownthedangersandlimitationsofenlightenmentrationalism,itseemsonlyrightthatartistsanddesignersshouldalsoquestionthisasanexplanationoftheirownpractice6.Thetendencytowardsself-reflexivityincontemporaryculture,andtheblurringoftheboundariesbetweenthetheoristandthepractitioner,thecriticandartist/designer,providesauniqueopportunityfordevelopingacultureofresearchinartanddesign,andagenuinelycriticalandreflexivepractice.AsCoyneandSnodgrassconclude:
'Wherethereismysterythendesigningisremovedfromeffectivedialogue.Designideasarepersonalandunavailableforgeneralscrutiny.ThedesignerbecomesapartytothatothergreatthemeoftheRomanticmovement,theoppressedandmisunderstoodhero'5.InplaceofthisCoyneandSnodgrasssuggestadialogicalor'hermeneutical'understandingofdesign,wheretheprocessofdesigninvolvesinteractivedialoguewiththedesignsituation.ThevalueofthispositionisthatCoyneandSnodgrassarearguingthatthereisaconsiderabledegreeofcontinuitybetweentheproductionofknowledgeindesignandtheproductionofknowledgeinotherfields.Theideaofcontinuityis,Ibelieve,aparticularlyimportantone.Despitethecomplexityoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheactivityofdesign7,recentworkonprotocolstudiesoffersevidenceofaproductiveandrewardingrelationshipbetweenre-searchintothenatureofdesignactivity,andtheprocessofdesignitself8.
ToreturntoFrayling'ssetofdistinctiveartanddesignresearchpractices,Ithinkitispossibletoarguethatth
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