上海民办新世纪中学高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案.docx
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上海民办新世纪中学高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案.docx
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上海民办新世纪中学高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案
2020年上海民办新世纪中学高三英语第三次联考试题及参考答案
第一部分阅读(共两节,满分40分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2分,满分30分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项
A
OnFridaymorningwhen53-year-oldThongPhambrokeintothehousethroughtheunlockedbackdoor,hetookasteakknifefromthekitchen.
Itwasdark,andthefamilydidn'tknowwhatMarleywasbarking(吠)at.Taylor,AmberandtheirgirlsFinley,6,andSadie,4,soonwokeupandcamedownstairs,too.“Well,itwasdarksowecouldn'tseeanything,onlycouldhearMarley,”Amberrecalled,sayingherhusbandthenwentforthelights.“Andonceheturnedthehalllighton,werealizedthattheguywasholedupinthecornertryingtohide.”
“SoIthinkhegottothefrontdoorandrealizedhecouldn'tgetout,andbythatpointintime,Marley'sgothimcornered,”Taylorsaid.Phamslashed(砍)bothMarleyandTaylor,andbloodwenteverywhere.TaylorsharedavideosummarytohisFacebookpage,wherehesaidMarleywasstabbed(刺)uptosixtimes,mostlyaroundtheheadandneckarea.“AndasIpulledback,bloodshotoutofmyarm,”Taylorcontinued.“ShegothimprettygoodandIgothimprettygoodintheface.”
“ButitwasreallyhardbecauseIwastryingtomakesurethatmyhusbandwasn'tgoingtodie,”Amberexplained,addingthatshewastryingtoprotecttheirtwogirls.“Whenherealizedthatthetwogirlswereinthehouse,that'swhenhekindofbackedupandstartedrunning."
Taylorexpressedgratitudetoeveryonefortheirthoughtsandprayers.AndthefamilyisthankfulfortheirdogMarley.
“She'sourhero,”Ambersaid.“Ifithadn'tbeenforher,thatguycouldhavegoneinthe...hecouldhavegonetotheirroomsorsomething.”Tayloradded,“Yeah,Imean,thestoryplaysoutverydifferentlyifMarley'snotthere.”
1.Whydidthefamilycomedownstairsbeforedaybreak?
A.Tostopabreak-in.B.Tolockthebackdoor.
C.TocheckonMarley.D.Toturnthehalllighton.
2.Whathappenedduringthefight?
A.Phamdugaholeinthecorner.
B.Marleywasinjuredbutbitback.
C.Taylorhadabackupfromneighbors.
D.Amberfoughtbacktoprotecthergirls.
3.WhatdoesTaylormainlyexpressonhisFacebook?
A.Forgiveness.B.Concern.C.Anger.D.Appreciation.
B
Whyisn’tsciencebetter?
Lookatcareerincentive(激励).Thereareoftensubstantialgapsbetweentheidealizedandactualversionsofthosepeoplewhoseworkinvolvesprovidingasocialgood.Governmentofficialsaresupposedtoworkfortheirconstituents.Journalistsaresupposedtoprovideunbiasedreportingandpenetratinganalysis.Andscientistsaresupposedtorelentlesslyprobethefabricofrealitywiththemostrigorousandskepticalofmethods.
Alltoooften,however,whatshouldbejustisn’tso.Inanumberofscientificfields,publishedfindingsturnoutnottoreplicate(复制),ortohavesmallereffectsthan,whatwasinitiallyclaimed.Plentyofsciencedoesreplicate—meaningtheexperimentsturnoutthesamewaywhenyourepeatthem-buttheamountthatdoesn’tistoomuchforcomfort.
Buttherearealsowaysinwhichscientistsincreasetheirchancesofgettingitwrong.Runningstudieswithsmallsamples,miningdataforcorrelationsandforminghypothesestofitanexperiment’sresultsafterthefactarejustsomeofthewaystoincreasethenumberoffalsediscoveries.
It’snotlikewedon'tknowhowtodobetter.Scientistswhostudyscientificmethodshaveknownaboutfeasibleremediesfordecades.Unfortunately,theiradviceoftenfallsondeafears.Why?
Whyaren'tscientificmethodsbetterthantheyare?
Inaword:
incentives.Butperhapsnotinthewayyouthink.
Inthe1970s,psychologistsandeconomistsbegantopointoutthedangerinrelyingonquantitativemeasuresforsocialdecision-making.Forexample,whenpublicschoolsareevaluatedbystudents’performanceonstandardizedtests,teachersrespondbyteaching“tothetest”.Inturn,thetestserveslargelyasofhowwelltheschoolcanpreparestudentsforthetest.
Wecanseethisprinciple—oftensummarizedas“whenameasurebecomesatarget,itceasestobeagoodmeasure”—playingoutintherealmofresearch.Scienceisacompetitiveenterprise.Therearefarmorecredentialed(授以证书的)scholarsandresearchersthanthereareuniversityprofessorshipsorcomparablyprestigiousresearchpositions.Oncesomeoneacquiresaresearchposition,thereisadditionalcompetitionfortenuregrantfunding,andsupportandplacementforgraduatestudents.Duetothiscompetitionforresources,scientistsmustbeevaluatedandcompared.Howdoyoutellifsomeoneisagoodscientist?
Anoft-usedmetricisthenumberofpublicationsonehasinpeer-reviewedjournals,aswellasthestatusofthosejournals.Metricslikethesemakeitstraightforwardtocompareresearcherswhoseworkmayotherwisebequitedifferent.Unfortunately,thisalsomakesthesenumberssusceptibletoexploitation.
Ifscientistsaremotivatedtopublishoftenandinhigh-impactjournals,wemightexpectthemtoactivelytrytogamethesystem.Andcertainly,somedo—asseeninrecenthigh-profilecasesofscientificfraud(欺诈).Ifmaliciousfraudistheprimeconcern,thenperhapsthesolutionissimplyheightenedalertness.
However,mostscientistsare,Ibelieve,genuinelyinterestedinlearningabouttheworld,andhonest.Theproblemwithincentivesisthattheycanshapeculturalnormswithoutanyintentiononthepartofindividuals.
4.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthegeneraltrendinscientificfield?
A.Scientistsarepersistentlydevotedtoexplorationofreality.
B.Theresearchfindingsfailtoachievetheexpectedeffect.
C.Hypothesesaremodifiedtohighlighttheexperiments'results.
D.Theamountofsciencethatdoesreplicateiscomforting.
5.Whatdoesdeafearsinthefourthparagraphprobablyreferto?
A.Thepublic.B.Theincentiveinitiators.C.Thepeerresearchers.D.Thehigh-impactjournaleditors.
6.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthorprobablyagreewith?
A.Goodscientistsexcelinseekingresourcesandsecuringresearchpositions.
B.Competitionforresourcesinspiresresearcherstoworkinamoreskepticalway.
C.Allthecredentialedscholarsandresearcherswillnottakeupuniversityprofessorships.
D.Thenumberofpublicationrevealshowscientistsarebitterlyexploited.
7.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmightbearemedyforthefundamentalprobleminscientificresearch?
A.High-impactjournalsareencouragedtoreformtheincentivesforpublication.
B.Thepeer-reviewprocessissupposedtoscaleupinspectionofscientificfraud.
C.Researchersaremotivatedtogetactivelyinvolvedingamingthecurrentsystem.
D.Careerincentivesforscientistsareexpectedtoconsidertheirpersonalintention.
C
Paperisanimportantpartofmodernlife.Peopleuseitinschool,atwork,tomakeartworkandbooks,towrappresentsandmuchmore.Treesarethemostcommonmaterialforpaperthesedays.
Sohowdopeoplemakepaperoutoftreestoday?
Peoplefirstcuttrees,loadthemontotrucksandbringthemtoafactory.Machinescutopentheoutercoveringsofthetrees,andcutthetreesintopieces.Thosepiecesareboiledintoasoup.Afterthat,itishitflat,driedandcutupintosheetsofpaper.
Theentireprocess,fromplantingasmalltreetobuyingyourschoolnotebook,takesaverylongtime.Justgrowingthetreestakes10to20years.
Makingtonsofpaperfromtreescanharmtheplanet.Humanscutdown80,000to160,000treesaroundtheworldeveryday,andusemanyofthemtomakepaper.Someofthosetreescomefromtreefarms.Butpeoplealsocutdownforestsforpaper,whichmeansthatanimalsandbirdslosetheirhomes.
Cuttingforestsdownalsocontributestoclimatechange,andpaperfactoriespollutetheair.Afteryouthrowpaper,itoftentakesthepapersixtonineyearstobreakdown.That'swhyrecyclingisimportant.Itsavesalotoftrees,slowsclimatechangeandhelpsprotectendangeredanimals,birdsandallcreaturesthatrelyonforestsfortheirhomesandfood.
Soifpaperisn'tgoodfortheenvironment,whydon'tpeoplewriteonsomethingelse?
Theanswer:
Theydo.Withcomputers,tabletsandcellphones,peopleusemuchlesspaperthaninthepast.Maybeadaywillcomewhenwewon'tusepaperatall—orwillsaveitforveryspecialbooksandartworks.
8.Whatcanweknowaboutmakingpaperoutoftrees?
A.Itcostsmuchmoney.B.Ittakesalotoftime.
C.Itisveryeasyandfast.D.Itisdangerousanddifficult.
9.Whatistheimpactofpaperproduction?
A.Itpromotestherecycling.
B.Itdoesharmtotheenvironment.
C.Itslowsdowntheclimatechange.
D.Itprotectstheanimalsfromlosinghomes.
10.Howwillweusepapersomedayinthefutureaccordingtothetext?
A.Useitforbooksonly.B.Usetherecycledpaper.
C.Treasureitoccasionally.D.Useitforartworks.
11.Whatideadoestheauthorwanttoexpressfromthetext?
A.Theinfluenceofmakingpaperonenvironment.
B.Thewonderfulexperienceofmakingpaper.
C.Thenecessaryprocessofmakingpaper.
D.Thegoodreasonsformakingpaper.
D
Everyonecanbeangry.Butifyoutakethetimetoactuallyexamineyourangerinsteadofjust“feeling”angry,you’llhaveabetterunderstandingofyourself.Knowingwhyyoufeelsoangrycanprovideyouwithsomesurprisinganswers.Theseanswerscanenableyoutosuddenlygrowspirituallyandmentally.
Icangiveyouapersonalexample.IwenttoameetingonceandIwasverballyattackedoveranapplicationIsupportedatmyworkplace.Variouspeoplewentonandonabouthowterriblethissystemwasandthatitneverworked.Thatdidn’tbothermethatmuch.Iwasusedtothatbutoneofthecommentsthatwassaidwas,“Yourjobispointless.”Thisreallyupsetmeandatthetime,Iwaslyfurious(发怒地)withtha
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