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外文.docx
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外文
TheNewChinesePropertyCode:
AGiantStepForward?
LeiChen
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1.Introduction
Thelong-awaitedPropertyCodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)hasfinallyarrived.Itwaspassedduringthefifthplenarysessionofthe10thNationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)ofthePRCon16March2007andwillcomeintoeffecton1October2007.FormanylawstudentsinChina,thelawsrelatingtopropertyaresterileanddevoidofinterest.However,inthelastdecade,fewstatuteshaveconjuredupgreatervisionsoflegislativeinnovationandimportancethantheenactmentofapropertycode.ThisisimportantforChinahasbeenworkingonapropertycodesincethe1990s.ThecodewasintendedtocompletetheChineselegalsystemwithlawsrelatingtopropertythatwouldsecuretheprotectionofpropertyrightsbyclearlydefiningthevarioustypesofpropertyaswellassafeguardtradesecurityandmarketorder.TheenactmentofapropertycodehasbeenheraldedbymanyinChinaaslandmarklegislationtoachieveclarityandcertaintyofpropertyrightssonecessaryforconcomitantandsustainableeconomicdevelopment.Thisstatutorydemarcationofpropertyrightscanscarcelybeoverestimatedfornotonlyitisofgreatinteresttothelegalcommunitybutalsoitaffectsalmosteveryaspectofpeople’sdailylives.Tousethewordsofthedrafters,itis“perhapsthesinglemostsignificantdevelopmentinChinesecivillawsincethefoundingofthePRC.”
InOctober1999,thedraftinggroupundertheauspicesoftheInstituteofLawintheChineseAcademyofSocialSciences(CASS)firstcompletedamodeldraftthatconsistedoftwelvechapterscontaining435articles.In2000,adraftinggroupheadedbytheResearchInstituteofCivilandCommercialLawintheSchoolofLawatthePeople’sUniversityalsocompletedamodelpropertylawdraft.Itisdividedintofivechapterswith575articles.Later,thelegislativebodyusedthesetwomodeldraftstoputtogetheroneofitsown.TheStandingCommitteeoftheNPCdeliberatedandpruneditslegislativedraftseventimes.
ThispaperevaluatesrecentChinesepropertycodedevelopmentsfromacomparativeperspective.Thecodecontainsfivesectionscoveringnineteenchapters,namely,SectionOne:
GeneralPrinciples;SectionTwo:
Ownership;SectionThree:
RightofUseandEnjoyment;SectionFour:
RightofSecurity;andSectionFive:
Possession.Thecodeisconcludedbytwosupplementaryarticles.Thesepropertyinstitutionsareselectivelyexaminedinthispaper.Itisimportanttonoteattheoutsetthatanexaminationofallaspectsofthepropertycodeisbeyondthescopeofasinglepaper.Hence,theaimofthispaperisrathertoprovideWesternlegalscholarswithanoverviewbycomparingsomeidentifyinginstitutionswithcounterpartsinWesterncivillawjurisdictions.Consequently,manyquestionsarise.China,ruledbyaCommunistParty,haschangedfromlargelyeliminatingprivatepropertytoincreasinglyembracingit.WhatkindofpropertycodeisChinaworkingon?
Inotherwords,isitbasedonaEuropeancivillawmodel,acommonlawmodeloramixedone?
Howcanitreconcilesocialistideologyprimarilybasedonpublic/stateownershipwithapropertycodeenshriningtheprotectionofprivatepropertyinterests?
Whydoesittakesuchalongtimetofinalizethelegislativeprocess?
Thesequestionsaretheprimaryconcernsofthispaper.Ontheonehand,Chinalacksimportantformalisedpropertyinstitutionsandthishashamperedeconomicdevelopment.Ontheotherhand,aplethoraofdivergentprovisionspertainingtoproperty,variousadministrativeregulations,overloadedjudicialpronouncements,andinconsistentlocalnormsdisguisethestructuralweaknessinthelegalsystem’scapacitytofostersustainabledevelopment.Itisnecessarythattheenactmentofapropertycodeoffersasystematicsetoflawsthatrecognisesanddefinesprivatepropertyrightsalongwithenforcementmechanismsandtheorganisationstoformalizethem.TodealwiththeseissuesthesocialandlegislativebackgroundofrecentdevelopmentsinChinesepropertylawisexamined.Thishelpstoestablishaframeofreferenceinordertoshowwhypropertylawlegislationissonecessaryandurgentinthecountry.Part2presentsabriefsurveyoftheChinesepropertysystemanditslegislativehistory.Ittracesthemostrecentcommitmentsofthestatetoelevatingprivatepropertyinterests,suchasthelatestconstitutionalamendmenttoequateprivateownershipwithpublicownership.
Part3focusesonthetechnicalpointsofpropertylawbyillustratingselectedprimaryprinciplesandmainelementsofpropertylawsuchasownership,rightsofuseandenjoymentandrightsofsecurity.However,thispaperdoesnotdealwitheveryaspectofthepropertyregime.Inevaluatingpropertyinstitutions,thecomparativeapproachutilisingsystemsofpropertyrightsinotherjurisdictionsisemployedtobetterunderstandtheChinesesystem.Part4examinestheenactmentofapropertycodethatisforwardthinkinginthesensethatitistop-downlegalmodernisation.Nevertheless,analysisanddebatehavenotceasedevenafteritsenactment.TherelevanceoflawanddevelopmenttheorywithinthecontextofformalisingChinesepropertylawisaddressedinordertounderstandthenecessityofinstitutionalisingpropertyrightsinanenvironmentofbullisheconomicgrowth.
2.TheHistoricalandSocialBackgroundofContemporaryPropertyLawDevelopment
2.1China’sCivilLawTraditionandtheLegislativeHistoryofPropertyLaw
Theapproachinthispapertocriticallyevaluatingthenewpropertycodeisnecessarilyhistorical.ItshouldnotbeoverlookedthatChinahasastrongcivillawtraditiondespiteclaimingtoendorseasocialistlegalsystemthatwastakenfromtheformerSovietUnionaftertheestablishmentofthePRC.SincetheformerSovietUnion’slegaltraditionwasstronglyinfluencedbyRomanlaw,previousfeaturesofpropertylawdevelopmenthavetobeunderstoodinordertofullygrasptheshiftofCommunistChina’sattitudetoprivatepropertyprotection.
From1929to1931theKuomintang(NationalistParty)governmentpublishedtheCivilCodeoftheRepublicofChinathatencompassedthePropertyCode.AftertheChineseCommunistpartycametopowerin1949,itrepealedthelegalsystemoftheRepublicaneraandtransplantedaportionofthe1950sSovietlegalsystemintoit.Accordingtoclassicalproletariantheory,lawsbecameaninstrumentforpoliticalclassstruggleratherthanrestrictgovernmentpowerandprotectindividualrights.Hence,privatepropertyrightswereseverelyreducedduringtheplannedeconomyperiod.Underthesocialist-plannedeconomy,therewasnoneedtointroducespecialisedpropertylaws.
Significantimprovementsinpeople'sdailylivesdidnotoccuruntilthegovernmentopenedupthecountrytoforeigninvestmentinthelate1970s.DengXiaopingsaid:
“Letsomepeoplegetrichfirst.”China’scentralgovernmentmadeeffortstotransferitsplannedeconomytoamarketeconomyandby2005,China'sper-capitaPurchasingPowerParity(PPP)GeneralDomesticProduct(GDP)reachedUSD7,198.Thisisinternationallyacceptedasthemarkofamedium-developedcountry.Withmoremoneyinhand,anincreasingnumberofpeoplehavepurchasedorareplanningtopurchasehousesandcars,bothregardedasnecessitiesofmodernlife.Concurrentwiththeeconomicboomisachangeinpeople'sthinking,from“it'sashametoberich”to“oneshouldbeproudtogetrichthroughhardworkinalawfulway.”Forthisreason,legalreformhasproventobeaneffectivewayofexpeditingChina'sdevelopment.IntheviewofWangLiming,anexpertinChinesecivillawandoneofdraftersofthepropertycode,theformulationofanewpropertylawisessentialtoeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogressundermarketeconomyconditions.Thegovernmentneedstoassuretheprotectionofpropertyrights,particularlythoseofthenewentrepreneurialclasses,inorderto“energizethemandbringthebuildersofsocialismfullyintoplay.”
2.2ConstitutionalEntrenchmentofPrivatePropertyRights
Initially,therewasnoprovisionforprivatepropertyinthe1982PRCConstitution.Withthedramaticchangesineconomicandsocialconditions,thePRCConstitutionwasamendedquitefrequentlytoconstitutionallyentrenchprivatepropertywithintheChineselegalsystem.The1999constitutionalamendmentstatesthat“individualprivateandothernon-publiceconomiesthatexistwithinthelimitsprescribedbylawaremajorcomponentsofthesocialistmarketeconomy.”Incontrast,the2004constitutionalamendmentguaranteestherighttoholdprivateproperty.Thismostrecentamendmentisexpectedtoleadtolegalchangesimprovingthecountry'slegalframeworkfortradinginrealestate,stocksandbondsandotherkindsofproperty.
ThethreeChineseconstitutionalamendmentsofMarch2004elevateprivatepropertyrightstoalevelthatwarrantsbetterprotection.Firstly,individualprivatepropertyrightsareentrenchedbyaprovisionthatcitizens’legallyobtainedprivatepropertynotbeviolated.Secondly,non-publiceconomicsectors,suchassmall-scaleprivateenterprisesandjointventures,notonlyreceivemorerigorousconstitutionalprotection,buttheamendmentsalsosupportthedevelopmentofthesesectors.Thisplacestheprotectionofprivatepropertyonanequal
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