经济学专业英语第12章 The Costs of Production.pptx
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经济学专业英语第12章 The Costs of Production.pptx
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,CHAPTER,TheCostsofProduction,12,生产成本,经济学原理N.格里高利.曼昆著,12,Whatisentitythatwecalledfirm?
Introductionoffirm,Introductionoffirm,FactorsofProduction,ACTIVELEARNING1Brainstormingcosts,YourunFordMotorCompany.List3differentcostsyouhave.List3differentbusinessdecisionsthatareaffectedbyyourcosts.,5,你在开通用汽车公司列出你的三种不同的成本列出影响你成本的三种不同的商业决策,主动学习1关于成本的头脑风暴,6,Inthischapter,lookfortheanswerstothesequestions:
Whatisaproductionfunction?
Whatismarginalproduct?
Howaretheyrelated?
Whatarethevariouscosts,andhowaretheyrelatedtoeachotherandtooutput?
Howarecostsdifferentintheshortrunvs.thelongrun?
Whatare“economiesofscale”?
7,本章我们将探索这些问题的答案:
什么是生产函数?
什么是边际产量?
它们之间有什么关系?
可变成本有哪些?
可变成本之间有什么样的联系以及它们与产出又有什么关系?
短期成本与长期成本之间有什么不同?
什么是规模经济?
8,MaxHomemadeFactory,Twobrokegirls,TheprofitofMaxHomemadeFactory?
Theamountthatthefirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput(cupcakes)iscalleditstotalrevenue.Theamountthatthefirmpaystobuyinputs(flour,sugar,workers,ovens,etc.)iscalleditstotalcost.Then,MaxandCarolinegetstokeepanyrevenuethatisnotneededtocovercosts.Wedefineprofitasafirmstotalrevenueminusitstotalcost.Thatis,Profit=Totalrevenue-Totalcost.,TotalRevenue,TotalCostandProfit,Toseehowafirmgoesaboutmaximizingprofit,wemustconsiderfullyhowtomeasureitstotalrevenueanditstotalcost.Totalrevenueistheeasypart:
Itequalsthequantityofoutputthefirmproducestimesthepriceatwhichitsellsitsoutput.IfMaxproduces10,000cupcakesandsellsthemat$2acupcakes,hertotalrevenueis$20,000.Bycontrast,themeasurementofafirmstotalcostismoresubtle.,TotalRevenue,TotalCostandProfit,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,12,TotalRevenue,TotalCost,Profit,Weassumethatthefirmsgoalistomaximizeprofit.Profit=TotalrevenueTotalcost,theamountafirmreceivesfromthesaleofitsoutput,themarketvalueoftheinputsafirmusesinproduction,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,13,总收益,总成本,利润,我们假定企业的目标是利润最大化利润=总收益总成本,企业出售其产品所得到的货币量,企业用于生产的投入品的市场价值,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,14,Costs:
Explicitvs.Implicit,Explicitcostsrequireanoutlayofmoney,e.g.,payingwagestoworkers.Implicitcostsdonotrequireacashoutlay,e.g.,theopportunitycostoftheownerstime.RememberoneoftheTenPrinciples:
Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.Thisistruewhetherthecostsareimplicitorexplicit.Bothmatterforfirmsdecisions.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,15,显性成本与隐性成本,显性成本:
需要企业支出货币的投入成本例如:
支付给工人的工资隐性成本:
不需要企业支付货币的投入成本例如:
企业所有者时间的机会成本记住经济学的十大原理之一:
某种东西的成本是你为了得到它所放弃的东西无论对于显性成本还是隐性成本,这都是正确的。
两者对于企业决策都是重要的,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,16,Explicitvs.ImplicitCosts:
AnExample,Youneed$100,000tostartyourbusiness.Theinterestrateis5%.Case1:
borrow$100,000explicitcost=$5000interestonloanCase2:
use$40,000ofyoursavings,borrowtheother$60,000explicitcost=$3000(5%)interestontheloanimplicitcost=$2000(5%)foregoneinterestyoucouldhaveearnedonyour$40,000.,Inbothcases,total(exp+imp)costsare$5000.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,17,显性成本与隐性成本:
一个例子,你需要$100,000开始你的业务。
利率为5%.情形1:
借$100,000显性成本=$5000借款利息情形2:
使用$40,000储蓄,并借$60,000显性成本=$3000(5%)借款利息隐性成本=$2000(5%)损失了你原本可以获得的$40,000的利息,在两种情形中,总成本(显性+隐性)都是$5000,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,18,EconomicProfitvs.AccountingProfit,Accountingprofit=totalrevenueminustotalexplicitcostsEconomicprofit=totalrevenueminustotalcosts(includingexplicitandimplicitcosts)Accountingprofitignoresimplicitcosts,soitshigherthaneconomicprofit.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,19,经济利润与会计利润,会计利润=总收益-总显性成本经济利润=总收益-总成本(包括显性成本与隐性成本)会计利润没有考虑隐性成本,因此会计利润要大于经济利润,ACTIVELEARNING2Economicprofitvs.accountingprofit,Theequilibriumrentonofficespacehasjustincreasedby$500/month.Comparetheeffectsonaccountingprofitandeconomicprofitifyourentyourofficespaceyouownyourofficespace,20,办公室的均衡租金上涨了$500/每月在以下情形下,比较对会计利润与经济利润的影响:
你租用办公室你自己拥有办公室,主动学习2,经济利润与会计利润,21,ACTIVELEARNING2Answers,Therentonofficespaceincreases$500/month.Yourentyourofficespace.Explicitcostsincrease$500/month.Accountingprofit&economicprofiteachfall$500/month.Youownyourofficespace.Explicitcostsdonotchange,soaccountingprofitdoesnotchange.Implicitcostsincrease$500/month(opp.costofusingyourspaceinsteadofrentingit),soeconomicprofitfallsby$500/month.,22,办公室的均衡租金上涨了$500/每月你租用办公室显性成本增加了$500/每月。
会计利润与经济利润都减少了$500/每月你自己拥有办公室显性成本没有变化,因此会计利润也不会变。
隐性成本增加了$500/每月(使用你办公室的机会成本是租用它的价格),因此经济利润减少了$500/每月,主动学习2参考答案,23,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,24,TheProductionFunction,Aproductionfunctionshowstherelationshipbetweenthequantityofinputsusedtoproduceagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgood.Itcanberepresentedbyatable,equation,orgraph.Example1:
FarmerJackgrowswheat.Hehas5acresofland.Hecanhireasmanyworkersashewants.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,25,生产函数,生产函数:
用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系它能用表格,方程式或者图形来表示例1:
农民Jack种植小麦他有5英亩的土地他可以雇佣任意数量的工人,26,Example1:
FarmerJacksProductionFunction,0,2,500,3,000,5,01234No.ofworkersTHECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,2,0001,500Quantityofoutput1,000500,LQ(no.of(bushelswot),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,27,0,500,2,000,2,500,3,000,012345工人的数量,1,500产出的数量1,000,例1:
农民Jack的生产函数,240028003000,345,1800,2,1000,1,0,Q(蒲式耳小麦)0,L(工人的数量),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,28,MarginalProduct,IfJackhiresonemoreworker,hisoutputrisesbythemarginalproductoflabor.Themarginalproductofanyinputistheincreaseinoutputarisingfromanadditionalunitofthatinput,holdingallotherinputsconstant.Notation:
(delta)=“changein”Examples:
Q=changeinoutput,L=changeinlaborMarginalproductoflabor(MPL)=,Q,L,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,29,边际产量,如果Jack多雇佣一个工人,他产出增加量为劳动的边际产量投入的边际产量:
在其他投入量不变情况下,增加一单位投入所引起的产量增加符号:
(delta)=“变动”例:
Q=产出的变动量,L=劳动的变动量劳动的边际产量(MPL)=QL,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,30,EXAMPLE1:
Total&MarginalProduct,LQ(no.of(bushels,workers)ofwheat),400200,600,800,1000,MPL,Q=1000,L=1,Q=800Q=600Q=400Q=200,L=1L=1L=1L=1,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,31,Q(蒲式耳小麦),L(工人的,例1:
总产量与边际产量,400200,600,800,1000,MPL,Q=1000,L=1,Q=800Q=600Q=400Q=200,L=1L=1L=1L=1,32,EXAMPLE1:
MPL=SlopeofProdFunction,MPLdiminishes,asLincreases.,1T,0h00isexplainswhy,3M,00P0Lequalstheslopeofthe2p,5r0o0ductionfunction.2N,00o0ticethat,t5h0e0productionfunctiongetsflatteras0Lincreases.01234,5,No.ofworkersTHECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,Quantityof1o,5u0t0put,600400200,800,1000,LQ(no.of(bushelsMPL,workers)ofwheat),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,33,asLincreases.,1T,0h00isexplainswhy,3M,00P0Lequalstheslopeofthe2p,5r0o0ductionfunction.2N,00o0ticethatMPLdiminishes,t5h0e0productionfunctiongetsflatteras0Lincreases.012345工人的数量,产出的数量1,500,例1:
劳动的边际产量=生产函数的斜率,600400200,800,1000,Q(蒲式耳MPL小麦),L(工人的数量),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,34,WhyMPLIsImportant,RecalloneoftheTenPrinciples:
Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.WhenFarmerJackhiresanextraworker,hiscostsrisebythewagehepaystheworkerhisoutputrisesbyMPLComparingthemhelpsJackdecidewhetherhewouldbenefitfromhiringtheworker.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,35,为什么劳动的边际产量重要,经济学十大原理之一:
理性人考虑边际量如果农民Jack多雇佣了一个工人,由于付的工资多了,他的成本增加他的产出上升了MPL比较上述情形,帮助Jack决定他能否从这个新雇佣的工人身上获益,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,36,WhyMPLDiminishes,FarmerJacksoutputrisesbyasmallerandsmalleramountforeachadditionalworker.Why?
AsJackaddsworkers,theaverageworkerhaslesslandtoworkwithandwillbelessproductive.Ingeneral,MPLdiminishesasLriseswhetherthefixedinputislandorcapital(equipment,machines,etc.).Diminishingmarginalproduct:
themarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases(otherthingsequal),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,37,为什么劳动的边际产量递减,随着工人数量的增加,农民Jack的产出增加的越来越少。
为什么?
伴随着Jack增加工人,平均工人变得只有更少的土地去种植,也会变得更缺乏效率总而言之,MPL随着L的增加而减少,不管固定投入是土地还是资本(仪器,机器等等)边际产量递减:
一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征(其他条件不变),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,38,EXAMPLE1:
FarmerJacksCosts,FarmerJackmustpay$1000permonthfortheland,regardlessofhowmuchwheathegrows.Themarketwageforafarmworkeris$2000permonth.SoFarmerJackscostsarerelatedtohowmuchwheatheproduces.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,39,例1:
农民Jack的成本,农民Jack必须为土地支付$1000/每月,不管他种植多少小麦一个农场工人的市场工资是$2000/每月因此农民Jack的成本与他生产多少小麦有关系.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,40,EXAMPLE1:
FarmerJacksCosts,TotalCost,Costoflabor,Costofland,LQ(no.of(bushels,workers)ofwheat),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,41,例1:
农民Jack的成本,$1,000$3,000$5,000$7,000$9,000$11,000,总成本,LQ,(工人的(蒲式耳小,数量)麦),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,42,EXAMPLE1:
FarmerJacksTotalCostCurve,Q(bushels,TotalCost,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,43,例1:
农民Jack的总成本曲线,Q(蒲式,总成本,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,44,MarginalCost,MarginalCost(MC)istheincreaseinTotalCostfromproducingonemoreunit:
MC=TCQ,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,45,边际成本,边际成本(MC)额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加:
MC=TCQ,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,46,EXAMPLE1:
TotalandMarginalCost,$10.00,$3.33$5.00,$2.50,$2.00,MarginalCost(MC),TotalCost,2400$7,0002800$9,0003000$11,000,TC=$2000,TC=$2000,Q(bushelsofwheat)0$1,000Q=10001000$3,000Q=8001800$5,000Q=600,TC=$2000,TC=$2000,Q=400Q=200,TC=$2000,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,47,例1:
总成本与边际成本,$3.33$5.00$10.00,$2.50,$2.00,边际成本(MC),2400$7,000,1800$5,000,1000$3,000,Q,(蒲式耳总成本小麦)0$1,000,Q=1000,TC=$2000,Q=800,TC=$2000,Q=600,TC=$2000,TC=$2000,Q=200,TC=$2000,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,48,EXAMPLE1:
TheMarginalCostCurve,MCusuallyrisesasQrises,asinthisexample.,$5.00$10.00,$2.00$2.50$3.33,MC,Q(bushelsTCofwheat),THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,49,MC随Q的上升而增加,如:
例1:
边际成本曲线,$2.00$2.50$3.33$5.00$10.00,MC,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,50,WhyMCIsImportant,FarmerJackisrationalandwantstomaximizehisprofit.Toincreaseprofit,shouldheproducemoreorlesswheat?
Tofindtheanswer,FarmerJackneedsto“thinkatthemargin.”Ifthecostofadditionalwheat(MC)islessthantherevenuehewouldgetfromsellingit,thenJacksprofitsriseifheproducesmore.,THECOSTSOFPRODUCTION,51,为什么边际成本重要,农民Jack是理性的,并打算最大化他的利润。
为了增加利润,他应该生产更多还是更少的小麦?
为回答这个问题,农民Jack需要“考虑边际条件”如果多生产
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