欧洲文化入门Division4.pptx
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欧洲文化入门Division4.pptx
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DivisionFour:
RenaissanceandReformation,文艺复兴与宗教改革,1.WhatsRenaissance?
什么是文艺复兴?
2.Whatpositiveinfluencedoesthereformationexertonworldculture?
宗教改革对世界文化有什么影响?
I.GeneralIntroduction,1).Renaissanceasaperiodinwesterncivilization,referstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.,2).“Renaissance”meansrevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.,3).Renaissance,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.,4).RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.,5).WheretheimpactofRenaissancewithItalywasmoststronglyfeltinfinearts,inFranceitwasliteratureandinEnglanditwasphilosophyanddrama.,II.RenaissanceinItaly,1.HistoricalBackground,WhatmadeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissance?
Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithothercountriesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalytoaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.,14世纪,奥斯曼帝国的入侵,东罗马(拜占廷)的许多学者,带着大批的古希腊和罗马的艺术珍品和文学、历史、哲学等书籍,纷纷逃往西欧避难。
十字军3次东征,使古希腊典籍重归欧洲。
1295年由威尼斯商人出身的马可波罗出版的十分荒诞却又充满诱惑的东方见闻录。
根本原因:
资本主义的萌芽,物质基础:
中世纪的欧洲,贸易中心集中在地中海沿岸,意大利最早产生资本主义的萌芽。
文化基础:
意大利保有大量古希腊、罗马文化典籍。
阶级基础:
新兴资产阶级的壮大。
人才优势:
14-17世纪(文艺复兴时期)意大利人才济济,汇集一处。
地理位置:
意大利处于地中海商贸活动中心,较早接受了东方文化(造纸术,印刷术)。
直接原因:
教会日益腐败,激起资产阶级与平民的不满。
导火索:
黑死病在欧洲流行。
资金、原料、市场、劳动力。
TheBlackDeath,商路危机,1453年,土耳其人最终战胜并消灭了拜占庭帝国,君士坦丁堡改名为伊斯坦布尔,成了新兴的奥斯曼帝国的首都。
航海技术的进步,包括造船、指南针、火药、风帆等隔舱化造船技术。
多帆设计。
技术的进步给远航提供了条件。
西、葡两国的中央集权,1487年,葡萄牙的迪亚斯到达了好望角1492年10月12日,意大利人克里斯托弗哥伦布发现新大陆,早期殖民扩张,葡萄牙:
占据点,控制商路,比如中国澳门葡萄牙100万人口,9万平方公里,甭管人口还是面积,都相当于中国的1/100。
西班牙:
掠夺金银、种族灭绝和贩卖黑奴,400年间,西班牙帝国从拉丁美洲劫掠了250万公斤黄金和一亿公斤白银。
哥伦布发现新大陆的时候,印第安人约1800万,65年后,还剩23万。
400年间,非洲损失了一亿精壮劳动力,在这一亿人当中,到达美洲的却只有2000万,意义,首先就是欧洲完成了原始积累。
其次,欧洲开始输出自己的文化。
再次,新航路开辟、早期殖民扩张开始了完整意义上的世界史。
2.TheRiseofHumanismWhatarethemainelementsofhumanism?
HowaretheseelementsreflectedinartandliteratureduringItalianrenaissance?
1).AttheheartofRenaissancephilosophyistheassertionofthegreatnessofman.,2).Relatedtothisisthebeliefinthepromotionofwealthandpleasureandafrankadmirationforthebeautyofhumanbody.,13-15世纪,新的思想首先产生于佛罗伦萨和威尼斯。
由于人被置于中心地位,所以被称为“人文主义”。
3).InartandliteratureduringtheItalianRenaissance,theseelementsarereflectedinshiftingmansinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodandtheHouseofGodtothebeautyofhumanbodyinallitsjoysandpains,sensesandfeelings.,DanteAlighieri&TheDivineComedyTheDivineComedy,nexttotheentrancetoHell,theseventerracesofMountPurgatoryandthecityofFlorence,inafresco.,I.SignificanceofTheDivineComedy:
118Writtenbetween1308andhisdeathin1321,TheDivineComedyiswidelyconsideredthegreatestepicofLatinliterature,andoneofthegreatestofwesternliterature(inparallellwithHomericEpics,ShakespearesHamlet,andGoethesFaust).ItsinfluenceissogreatthatitaffectstheChristianviewoftheafterlifetothisday.WhilethepoemitselfisaChristianpoemwithaprofoundvisionofthemedievalChristianworld,italsoexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowedthespiritRenaissance.,3.NewLiterature,A.GiovanniBoccaccio,a.BoccacciosgreatestworkwastheDecameron,acollectionof100talestoldbysevenyoungladiesandthreeyoungergentlemenontheirwaytoescapetheBlackDeathof1348.,B.FrancescoPetrarch(13041374),a.PetrarchwasbestknownforCanzoniers,abookoflyricalsongswritteninhisItaliandialect.,b.HisotherworksincludeAfrica,MetricalEpistles,OnContemptfortheWorldlyLife,OnSolitude,Eclogues,TheLetters.,WhydowelookuponPetrarchasthefatherofmodernpoetry?
WelookuponPatrarchasthefatherofmodernpoetrybecauseinhissonnetsforLauraheshowedhimselftobeagreathumanistwriterkeenlyawareofmortalandearthlyvaluesandheignoredmedievalcourtlyconventionsanddefinedtrueemotions.,4.RenaissanceArt,HowdidItalianRenaissanceartbreakawayfrommedievaltradition?
Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch.Artistswhousedtobecraftsmencommissionedbythechurchtopaintthedesignbecameaseparatestratumlikewritersandpoetsdoingnobleandcreativework.ThemesofpaintingschangedfrompurelycelestialrealmfocusingonthestoriesoftheBible,ofGod,JesusandMarytoanappreciationofallaspectsofnatureandman.,3).TheartistsstudiedtheruinsofRomanandGreektemplesandputmanyoftheprinciplesofancientcivilizationintotheirworks.,4).Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomyandperspective.,HowdidItalianRenaissanceartand,architecturebreakawayfrommedievaltradition?
1).ItalianRenaissanceartistsbrokeawayfrommedievaltraditionby:
turningthemselvesfromcraftsmencommissionedbythechurchtopaintthedesignintoastratumlikewritersandpoetsdoingnobleandcreativework;changingthemesofpaintingsfrompurelycelestialrealmfocusingonthestoriesoftheBibletoanappreciationofallaspectsofnatureandman;studyingtheruinsandRomanandGreektemplesandputtingmanyprinciplesofancientcivilizationintotheirworks;andintroducingintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomyandperspective.,A.EarlyRenaissanceArtists,i.Giotto(12661337),ii.PilippoBrunelleschi,iii.Donatello,iv.Giorgione,a.(c.12671337),Italianpainter;fullnameGiottodiBondone.Heintroducedanaturalisticstyleshowinghumanexpression.NotableworksincludethefrescoesintheArenaChapel,Padua(13058)andthechurchofSantaCroceinFlorence,b.BrunelleschiintroducedmotifthatwaswidelyimitatedduringtheRenaissance.In1420hebegantobuildthedomeforthecathedralinFlorenceanditbecamethemostoriginalconstructioninthebuildingofdomesintheworldhistoryofarchitecture.,c.Donatellostudiedtheruinsofantiquityandintroducedmanyoftheancientprinciplesintohisworks.HismajorworkswereDavidandTheGattamelataEquestrianStatue.,d.GiorgionesmajorworkswereTempesta,abeautifullandscapewithacalmandpastoralatmosphere,andSleepingVenus,apictureofidealfemalebeauty.,B.HighRenaissanceArtists,i.LeonardodaVinci,ii.MichelangeloBuonarroti,iii.Raphael,iv.Titian,a.LastSupperandMonaLisawerepaintedbyLeonardodaVinci.,b.MichelangelosmajorsculpturewereDavid,DyingSlaveandMoses,andhismajorpaintingswerefrescoescalledSistineChapel.,c.RaphaelwasbestknownforhisMadonna(VirginMary).HisfamouspaintingSchoolofAthensdepictstwoleadersofphilosophy,PlatoandAristotleengagedinargumentandsurroundedbytheiraudiencewhohadagreatvarietyofattitudes.,d.Titiandidthesepaintings:
TheVenusofUrbino,SacredandProfaneLove,MadonnaofthePesaroFamily,ManwiththeGlove.,5.DeclineoftheItalianRenaissance,1).Thefeudsoffamilies,theconflictsofclassesandtherivalrybetweenthecity-stateskepttheeconomicstructureofItalyinthetraditionalorder,makingitimpossibleforItalytocompetewiththecountriesinNorthernEuropethatwereunitingthemselvesandexpandingtheireconomy.,2).IntheworldtradeItalyhadlostitssupremacybecauseofthediscoveryofAmericain1492andthefoundingoftheCapeofGoodHopein1488,theopeningofanall-waterroutetoIndiawhichprovidedacheapermeansoftransport.,3).TheProtestantreformationforcedtheRomanCatholicChurchtotightenitscontroloverthought,speechandpublication.,4).OneafteranotherthecradlesofItalianRenaissance(Florence,Venice,Naples,Milan)werepillagedanddevastatedintheItalianwars,inwhichSpain,FranceandEnglandfoughtforthecontrolofitsresources.Thewars,lastingfor60years,endedwithSpanishsupremacyandleftItalyunderformorethanthreecenturiesthereafter.,III.ReformationandCounter-Reformation,WhatismeantbyReformation?
1).TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.,2).TheReformationbeganin1517whenMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofcastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberghis95thesesinvitingtodebatingonmattersofpracticeanddoctrineintheChurch.,3).TheReformationwasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.,公元一世纪三年代,原属犹太教的一个分支派系,逐渐从犹太教中分离出去,形成基督教。
君士坦丁大帝于公元313年颁布“米兰赦令”,宣布“宗教自由不受干涉”,并允许基督徒自由行使其宗教行为。
公元395年,罗马帝国分裂成东罗马和西罗马,西罗马首都仍然在罗马,东罗马首都在君士坦丁堡,教会分裂成西部教会和东部教会。
公元1054年东西部教会正式分家,西部叫罗马公教,我们中国把它翻译成天主教,东部叫希腊政教,中国叫东正教。
1075年,教皇格利哥里七世对德意志国王宣布“绝罚”,亨利七世逼迫踏上“卡诺莎之旅”。
1096年,教皇乌尔巴诺二世号召十字军东征。
公元1122年:
“神圣罗马帝国”-“沃尔姆斯宗教协定”,规定了宗教统治和世俗统治的权限和权利。
1453年君士坦丁堡被土耳其人攻占,东正教的中心转移到俄罗斯。
新教概况,路德宗。
是由德意志的神甫马丁路德创立的。
加尔文宗。
加尔文是法国的一个牧师,宗教改革家。
英国国教。
英国国教又叫圣公会。
1.Pre-LutherReligiousReformers,A.JohnWycliffe(about13301384),a.JohnWycliffebelievedthatChristismansonlyoverlordandthatsalvationdependsuponpredestinationandgraceratherthanonmembershipofavisiblechurch.HespreadthedoctrinethattheBibleisthesupremeauthorityandinsistedthatallmenhaveaccesstothescripturesinthevernacular.Topracticewhathepreached,hetookupthetranslationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttime.,B.JanHus(13721415),a.JanHus,aBohemianCzechreligiousleader,attackedtheabusesoftheChurch.Hewasimprisonedandexiledforhisreformistideasandpatrioticactivities.HiswritingswerecondemnedbytheRomanCatholicChurchandwassentencedtobeburntatstake.ThistriggeredofftheHusWarofCzechpeoplefornationallibera
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