福建医大0年4博士入学考试英语试题.docx
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福建医大0年4博士入学考试英语试题.docx
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福建医大0年4博士入学考试英语试题
博士研究生入学英语考试试卷
(2004.5)
PartI.ReadingComprehension
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET.(40%)
PassageOne
Forthefirsttwo-thirdsofthe20thcentury,chemistrywasseenbymanyasthescienceofthefuture.Thepotentialofchemicalproductsforenrichingsocietyappearedtobeunlimited.Increasingly,however,andespeciallyinthepublicmind,thenegativeaspectsofchemistryhavecometothefore.Disposalofchemicalby-productsatwaste-disposalsitesoflimitedcapacityhasresultedinenvironmentalandhealthproblemsofenormousconcern.Thelegitimateuseofdrugsforthemedicallysupervisedtreatmentofdiseaseshasbeentaintedbythegrowingmisuseofmoodalteringdrugs.Theverywordchemicalhascometobeusedalltoofrequentlyinapejorativesense.Thereis,asaresult,adangerthatthepursuitandapplicationofchemicalknowledgemaybeseenasbearingrisksthatoutweighthebenefits.
Itiseasytounderestimatethecentralroleofchemistryinmodernsociety,butchemicalproductsareessentialiftheworld’spopulationistobeclothed,housedandfed.Theworld’sreservesoffossilfuels(e.g.naturalgasandcoal)willeventuallybeexhausted,someassoonasthe21stcentury,andnewchemicalprocessesandmaterialswillprovideacrucialalternativeenergysource.Theconversionofsolarenergytomoreconcentrated,usefulforms,forexample,willrelyheavilyondiscoveriesinchemistry.Long-term,environmentallyacceptablesolutionstopollutionproblemsarenotattainablewithoutchemicalknowledge.Thereismuchtruthintheaphorismthat“chemicalproblemsrequirechemicalsolutions”.Chemicalinquirywillleadtoabetterunderstandingofthebehaviorofbothnaturalandsyntheticmaterialsandtothediscoveryofnewsubstancesthatwillhelpfuturegenerationsbettersupplytheirneedsanddealwiththeirproblems.
Progressinchemistrycannolongerbemeasuredonlyintermsofeconomicalutility.Thediscoveryandmanufactureofnewchemicalgoodscontinuetobeeconomicallyfeasiblebutmustbeenvironmentallyacceptableaswell.Theimpactofnewsubstancesontheenvironmentcannowbeassessedbeforelarge-scaleproductionbegins,andenvironmentalcompatibilityhasbecomeavaluedpropertyofnewmaterials.Forexample,compoundsconsistingofcarbonfullybondedtochlorineandfluorine,calledchlorofluorocarbons(orFreons),werebelievedtobeidealfortheirintendedusewhentheywerefirstdiscovered.Theyarenontoxic,nonflammablegasesandvolatileliquidsthatareverystable.Thesepropertiesledtotheirwidespreaduseassolvents,refrigerantsandpropellantsinaerosolcontainers.Timehasshown,however,thatthesecompoundsdecomposeintheupperregionsoftheatmosphereandthedecompositionproductsacttodestroystratosphericozone.Limitshavenowbeenplacedontheuseofchlorofluorocarbons,butitisimpossibletorecovertheamountsalreadyintotheatmosphere.
Thechlorofluorocarbonproblemillustrateshowdifficultitistoanticipatetheoverallimpactthatnewmaterialscanhaveontheenvironment.Chemistsareworkingtodevelopmethodsofassessment,andprevailingchemicaltheoryprovidestheworkingtools.Onceasubstancehasbeenidentifiedashazardoustotheexistingecologicalbalance,itistheresponsibilityofchemiststolocatethatsubstanceandneutralizeit,limitingthedamageitcandoorremovingitfromtheenvironmententirely.Inevitably,theharmfuleffectsofsomesubstanceswilloutweightheirbenefits,andtheirusewillhavetobelimited.Yet,thepositiveimpactofchemistryonsocietyasawholeseemsbeyonddoubt.
1.Theword“tainted”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans_________________.
A)abandonedB)limitedC)securedD)spoiled
2.Thethirdparagraphismainlyabout________________.
A)theharmfuleffectsofchlorofluorocarbonsontheenvironment
B)thenecessitytoensuretheenvironmentalcompatibilityofnewchemicalsubstances
C)theeconomicfeasibilityofnewchemicalsubstances
D)theobjectiveassessmentoftheprogressinchemistry
3.Accordingtothispassage,chemistry________________________.
A)producesmoreharmfuleffectsthanbeneficialones
B)producesnomoreharmfuleffectsthanbeneficialones
C)isnolongerunanimouslyregardedasthescienceofthefuture
D)isnotworthpursuingpersistently
4.Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe_______________________.
A)ThePositiveImpactofChemistry
B)TheHarmfulEffectsofChemicals
C)ProgressinChemistry
D)ChemistryandSociety
5.Whatdoestheword“neutralize”inthelastparagraphmean?
A)Takeawaytheeffectof.
B)Makeneutral.
C)Becentral.
D)Realize.
PassageTwo
Inthehumanspeciesindividualsareequippedwithfewerinstinctsthanisthecaseinmanynonhumanspecies.And,asalreadynoted,theyareborncultures.Therefore,aninfantHomosapiensmustlearnaverygreatdealandacquireavastnumberofconditionalreflexesandhabitpatternsinordertoliveeffectively,notonlyinsocietybutinaparticularkindofsocio-culturalsystem.BeitTibetan,Eskimo,orFrench.Thisprocess,takenasawhole,iscalledsocialization—themakingofasocialbeingoutofonethatwasatbirthwhollyindividualisticandegoistic.
Educationinitsbroadestsensemayproperlyberegardedastheprocessbywhichthecultureofasocio-culturalsystemisimposedupontheplastic,receptiveinfant.Itisthisprocessthatmakescontinuityofculturepossible.Education,formalandinformal,isthespecificmeansofsocialization.Byinformaleducationismeantthewayachildlearnstoadapthisbehaviortothatofothers,tobelikeothers,tobecomeamemberofagroup.Byformaleducationismeanttheintentionalandmoreorlesssystematiceffortoraffectthebehaviorofothersbytransmittingelementsofculturetothem,beitknowledgeorbelief,patternsofbehaviors,oridealsandvalues.Theseattemptsmaybeovertorcovert.Theteachermaymakehispurposeapparent,evenemphatic,tothelearner.Butmucheducationiseffectedinanunobtrusiveway,withoutteacherorlearnerbeingawarethatcultureisbeingtransmitted.Thus,inmythsandtales,certaincharactersarepresentedasheroesorvillains;certaintraitsareextolled,othersaredeploredordenounced.Theimpressionablechildacquiresidealsandvalues,animageofthegoodorthebad.
Thegrowingchillisimmersedinthefountainofinformaleducationconstantly;theformaleducationtendstobeperiodic.Manysocio-culturalsystemsdistinguishrathersharplyaseriesofstagesintheeducationanddevelopmentoffull-fledgedmenandwomen.Firstthereisinfancy,duringwhichperhapsthemostprofoundandenduringinfluencesofaperson’slifearebroughttobear.Weaningushersinanewstage,thatofchildhood,duringwhichboysandgirlsbecomedistinguishedfromeachother.Pubertyritestransformchildrenmenandwomen.Theseritesvaryenormouslyinemphasisandcontent.Sometimestheyincludewhipping,isolation,scarification,orcircumcision.Veryoftentheritualisaccompaniedbyexplicitinstructioninthemythologyandloreofthetribeandinethicalcodes.SuchritualsasconfirmationandBarmitzvahinmodernWesternculturebelongtothecategoryofpubertyrites,
Withmarriagecomeinstructionandadmonition,appropriatetotheoccasion,fromelderrelativesand,inmoreadvancedcultures,formpriests.Insomesocio-culturalsystemsmenmaybecomemembersofassociationsorsodalities:
men’sclubs,warriorsocieties,secretsocieties,magicormedicine.Insomecasesitissaidthatinpassingthroughinitiationritesapersonis“bornagain”.Womenalsomaybelongtosodalities,andinsomeinstancestheymaybecomemembersorsecret,magicalsocietiesalongwithmen.
6.Itisimpropertosaythatanewborninfantis___________________.
A)unsophisticated
B)self-centered
C)unconventional
D)enlightened
7.What’sthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?
A)theplastic,receptiveinfant.
B)theeducationanddevelopmentofamatureadult.
C)theexplanationfortheideathateducationisthespecificmeansofsocialization.
D)thedifferencesbetweenformalandinformaleducation.
8.Whatdoestheword“usher”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymean?
A)creates.B)escorts.C)introduces.D)shows.
9.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat__________________.
A)nocreaturesotherthanhumanbeinghaveanyinstincts
B)theperiodofinformaleducationforaboydoesnotbeginuntilhereachespuberty
C)theperiodofformaleducationneverlastssolongastocoverthewholelifeofanindividual
D)nogrowingchildcanescapewhipping,isolation,scarification,andcircumcision
10.Whichstatementistrueaccordingtothetext?
A)Byinformaleducationisnotmeantthewayachildlearnstoadapthisbehaviortothatofothers,tobelikeothers,tobecomeamemberofagroup.
B)Theformaleducationtendstobeperiodic.
C)Growingchildissuretosufferfromwhipping,isolation,circumcision.
D)Womenalsobelongtosodalities,butthesocietiesoftheirown.
PassageThree
Hasthequickpaceofmodernlivinggottenyoudown?
Hasyourlifegrowntoocomplicated?
Hasthequestformoremoneyandmoreexcitementbecomeanobsession?
SurveysshowthatalotofAmericansarefeelingoverwhelmedbytheirresponsibilities.Intheirwildsearchforfulfillment,they’vegottenthemselvesintosituationsinwhichtheyfeellikethey’reonatreadmillandcan’tgetoff.
Amongmanycouples,bothhusbandandwifeworkbecausetheyclaimtheyhavetomakeendmeet.Granted,inthissociety
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