词汇 910.docx
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词汇 910.docx
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词汇910
Chapter9EnglishIdioms
9.0Introduction
Korean:
Toestablishabusinessiseasy,tomaintainitisdifficulty.
Hungarian:
Ifyouwanttogetridofyourfriend,lenthimmoney.(Ifyouwouldmakeanenemy,lendamanmoneyandaskitofhimagain.你若想与人成仇结怨,只要借钱给人再催还。
)
Yiddish:
Moneybuyseverythingexceptbrain.
Chineseidioms:
1.Awordspokenispastrecalling.
2.Strikewhiletheironishot.
3.Wherethereisawillthereisaway.
4.Emptyvesselsmakethegreatestsound.
5.Timeandtidewaitfornoman.
6.Secondthoughtsarebest.
7.Liketeacherlikepupil.
8.Hethattalksmucherrsmuch.
9.Standers-byseemorethangamesters.
10.Practicemakesperfect
11.Abadworkmanquarrelswithhistools.
12.Manywordscutmorethanswords.
13.Littlethievesarehanged,butgreatonesescape.
14.Agreatshipasksdeepwaters.
15.Murderwillout.
16.Hethatmischiefhatches,mischiefcatches.
17.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
18.Homersometimesnods.
19.Menmaymeetbutmountainsnever.
Nogreatlosswithoutsomesmallgain.
21.Ablindmanwillnotthankyouforalooking-glass.
英文谚语大全
9.1Whatisanidiom?
Theword‘idiom’comesfromGreek‘idios’ultimatelyfrom‘idioma—’,meaningone’sown,private,peculiar.
e.g.
1)Johnuseda‘redherring’inhisargument:
Johnintroducedanirrelevantquestiontoturnattentionawayfromthemainissue.
2)toflyoffthehandle:
becomeexcessivelyangry
3)tohavesecondthoughts
4)thelion’sshare
5)Shewashedherhandsofthematter.(她不再过问这件事了)
6)Sherefusedtohaveanythingmoretodowiththematter.(她不想和这件事有什么关系了
Anidiomisanexpressionthatisnotreadilyunderstandableformitsliteralmeaningofindividualconstituents.
Anexpressionwhichfunctionasasingleunitandwhosemeaningcannotbeworkedoutfromitsseparateparts.
作为一个单位使用的,意义不能从其独立的组成部分得出的一种表达法。
e.g.1)kickedthebucket
2)Don’tbeatadeadhorse:
Thepersonshouldnotwastetimeharpingonaboutanissuethathasalreadybeendecided
9.2.1characteristicfeature
1)AnEnglishidiomhasanestablishedfrom.
Onethathasbeenacceptedbytraditionalusage,noelementcanbechangedinEnglishidiomswithoutdestroying,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged.
e.g.
toothandnail(竭尽全力)
withflyingcolours出色地,成功地
2)Noneofthewordsmaybereplacedbyasynonym.
e.g.
(1)Welookforwardtomeetingyou.
(2)washone’sdirtylineninpublic,
(3)havesecondthoughts,
(4)astitchintimesavesinnine
*onestitchintimesavesnine.
3)Idiomsaresetphrasesoffixedmeanings,thewordordercannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.
e.g.*welookforwardseeingyou.
*straightfromhorse’smouth.
*turnanewleaf.
Theyareunacceptablebecauseto,theandoverhavebeenomitted.
4)Idiomsmaybetreatedasatypeofcollocationinvolvingtwoormorewordsincontext,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.
e.g.
(1)betweenthedevilandthedeepbluesea
(进退两难)
(2)Allthatisnotgoldthatglitters.
(3)Killthegoosethatlaidthegoldenegg.
5)Themeaningofanidiomcannotbepredictedfromthemeaningsofitsconstituents.
e.g.Howareyou?
9.2.2‘frozen’&‘partial’idioms
‘frozen’metaphors,fixedlexicalunits,‘full’idioms,
Frozenmetaphorstendtolosetheirvividness,andspeakersoftenlosesightoftheirmetaphoricalorigins.
‘kickthebucket’
‘washone’sdirtylineninpublic
‘partialidioms’
Someofthewordshavetheirusualmeaningwhiletheothershavemeaningsthatarepeculiartothatparticularstructure.
e.g.white
whitecoffee:
brownincolour,
whitewine:
usuallyyellow,
whitepeople:
generallyoff-pink.
conclusion:
makeupastory,
makeupafire(添燃料使火烧旺),
makeupone’sface
Thefirstexpressionisusedinitsliteralmeaning,thesecondisapartialidiom,thelastisfullyidiomatic.
Idiomsasatypeofmultiwordlexeme;anidiommaybedefinedasaphrase,themeaningofwhichcannotbepredictedfromtheindividualmeaningsofthemorphemesitcomprises.
twomainheadings:
ambiguity,andsyntacticpeculiarities:
e.g.beatadeadhorse:
a.literalmeaning
b.idiomaticmeaning
hitthesack:
a.literalmeaning
b.idiomaticmeaning
Ifyouarenotsureofitsexactmeaning,theywillautomaticallydiscardtheliteralmeaningoftheexpression,andseekanidiomaticmeaning.
9.3TypesofIdioms
1)Idiomsnominalinnature(名词性习语)
anounasthekeywordineachandfunctionasanouninsentences
e.g.
whiteelephant(绣花枕头)braintrust(智囊团)
2)Idiomsadjectivalinnature(形容词性习语)
functionasadjectives
e.g.
aspoorasachurchmouse(一贫如洗),upintheair(悬而未决)
3)Idiomsverbalinnature.(动词性习语)
Itcanbesubdividedintophrasalverbsandotherverbphrases.Phrasalverbsareidiomswhicharecomposedofaverbplusaprep.and/oraparticle.
e.g.
comeclean(全盘招供);
fallflat(一败涂地);
swimagainstthestream(力排众议,逆流而行)
4)Idiomsadverbialinnature(副词性习语)
Thisclasscontainsnumerousprepositionalphrases,whichinnatureareeitheradjectivaloradverbialandinmanycaseshavebothfunctionsatthesame。
e.g.
toothandnail(竭尽全力);
throughthickandthin(不顾艰难险阻);betweenthedevilandthedeepbluesea(进退两难)
5)peculiartypes
A.WordsinPairs(irreversilblebinomialsortwinwords)成对词
Itiscombinedby‘and’toexpresswholeconcept
e.g.
(1)v.
tossandturn(翻来覆去)
pickandchoose(挑挑拣拣,挑剔)
pushandshove(猛往前挤)
pickandsteal(扒窃。
小偷小摸)
fussandbother(纠缠不休)
(2)adj.
blackandblue(遍体鳞伤的)
freeandeasy(不拘形势的,随便的)
fairandsquare(光明正大的)
nullandvoid(无效的)
(3)adv.reallyandtruly(真正地)
farandaway(无疑地,肯定地)
onceandaway(一次了结地,一劳永逸地)
outandout(十足地,彻底地)
(4)n.neckandneck(并驾齐驱)
viceandcrime(罪恶)
useandwont(习惯,惯例)
hammerandtongs(全力以赴,大刀阔斧)
(5)differentkinds:
longandlasting(持久的)
deadandturnedtoclay(早就死了)
enoughandtospare(绰绰有余)
livinganddead(生者和死者)
B.Trinomials三词词组:
a,b,c
e.g.
here,thereandeverywhere;
right,leftandcentre;
Ready!
Set!
Go!
(各就各位!
预备!
跑!
);
masculine,feminine,andneuter;(阳性、阴性、中性);
ofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople(民有、民治、民享);
wine,womanandsong(吃喝玩乐);
first,midstandlast(彻头彻尾);
eatdrinkandbemerry(及时行乐);
cool,calmandcollected(泰然自若,镇定自若);
good,badanddifferent(好坏参差不齐);
blood,sweatandtears(血汗和艰辛)
Brown,JoanandRobinson(Tom,DickandHarry)
6)Sentenceidioms(句子习语)
Allidiomsofthiscategoryarecompletesentences.
(1)Manydishes,manydiseases.
食多病多。
(2)Ahorsestumblesthathasfourlegs.
人有失手日,马有失蹄时。
(3)Vaingloryblossomsbutneverbears.
虚荣能开花,但不会结果。
(4)Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.
阅读使人渊博,会谈使人机敏,写作使人谨慎。
(5)Stillwaterrundeep.
静水流深。
6)Wisemenlearnbyothermen’smistakes;foolsbytheirown.
聪明人从旁人的错误中吸取教训,愚笨人则从自身的错误中吸取教训。
(7)Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush.
双鸟在林,不如一鸟在手;十赊不如一现。
(8)Itisanequalfailingtotrusteverybody.
信任一切人与不信任任何人,同样是缺点。
(9)Loveisasweettorment.
爱情是一种甜蜜的痛苦。
(10)Norosewithoutathorn.
玫瑰皆有刺(没有尽善尽美的幸福)
9.4StylisticFeatures(英语习语的文体色彩):
(1)accordingtosources
Alargeproportionofidiomswerefirstcreatedbyworkingpeople.
a.seamenonthesea:
indeepwater(出了麻烦)
tideover(渡过难关)
b.huntersinthewoods:
killtwobirdswithonehands(一箭双雕,一举两得)
Ifyourunaftertwohares,youwillcatchneither.(三心二意,一事无成)
c.farmersinthefields:
haveallone’seggsinonebasket(孤注一掷)
abullinchina‘sshop(鲁莽的人)
d.fisherman:
jumpthebait(上钩)
afishoutofwater(如鱼出水,感到生疏)
e.housewives:
washone’sdirtylineninpublic,(家丑外扬).sweepclean(鲁莽闯祸的人)newbrooms(新官上任三把火)
f.cooksinthekitchen:
keepthepotboiling(谋生,维持生活)
boildown(归结,浓缩)
g.sportsman:
hitbelowthebelt(暗箭伤人)playfair(规规矩矩)
h.music:
paintingthetheater,tobehindthescenes,topullthestring
i.variousprofessions:
tomakethebestofabadbargain,tobringintoaccount,
(2)Accordingtolexicalorphoneticmake-upofEnglishidioms:
a.Twowordshabituallyusedtogether,formingsemanticunit:
oddsandends;hueandcry;waysandmeans;wellandgoods;farandaway;highandmighty.
b.Repetition:
outandout;byandby;facetofacefromtimetotime
c.Alliteration:
safeandsound;bagandbaggage;hummingandhawing;sumandsubstance.
d.rhyme:
wearandtear;byhookandbycrook;toilandmoil.
e.Alternative:
soonerorlater;nowandnever;rainandshine;hitormiss;hereandthere.
(3)Accordinggrammaticalfunction:
a.Nounphrase:
Jackofalltrades;cat’spaw;theappleofone’seye;whiteelephant,maidenname.
b.Verbphrases:
toputupwith;topickandchoose;tosnatchone’fingerat;tomakegood.
c.Adjectivephrases:
freeandeasy;fairandsquare;asmadasahatter;highandmighty;cutanddried
d.Adverbialphrases:
hammerandtongs;bytheway;throughthickandthin;bagandbaggage
(4)informal,formal(frozenstyle).
a.colloquialisms
b.slang
c.Literaryexpressions
9.5VariationsofIdioms(英语习语的变异形式)
Themoreidiomatictheidiomsthemorefixedthestructure
(习语性越强,结构越固定)
Idiomsdonotallowchangesasarule,butthefixityofidiomsisnotabsolute.Whenidiomsareusedinactualcontext,theydoexperiencegrammaticalchanges.suchasdifferentformsofverbs,agreementofpersonalpronounsandnumber.
Thechangesinconstituentsofidiomsinclude:
addition,deletion,replacement,positionshifting,dismembering.
(1)Replacement.Insomeidioms,aconstituentmaybereplacedbyawordofthesamepartofspeech,resultinginsynonymousorantonymousidioms.
(2)Additionor
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