刘炳善 英国文学史课件part1to8.docx
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刘炳善 英国文学史课件part1to8.docx
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刘炳善英国文学史课件part1to8
ASandAN盎格鲁--撒克逊时期和中世纪时期
Historicalbackground
1.TheRomanConquest
2.Anglo-SaxonConquest
3.Theconversion
In597thePopeofRomesentAugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheASandwithinacenturyallEnglandwasChristianized.Theconversionisthesecondimportanteventbecauseitbroughtanewlife,anewcultureandanewcivilizationtoEngland.
TheAnglo-Saxonliterature
Twodivisions:
paganandChristian
1.Thepaganlitrefersthesongs,legendswhichtheASbroughtfromtheiroriginalhome.
2.TheChristianlitreferstopoemsorprosewritingsdevelopedaftertheconversion,undertheteachingofthemonks;theymainlydealwithreligioussubjects,storiesbasedontheBible.
Beowulf
1.Theuseofalliteration,compoundwords,understatement,metaphor
2.ItisthenationalepicofAnglo-Saxons
3.Itispasseddownorallyfromgenerationtogenerationuntilthe10thcenturywhenitwaswrittendowninoldEnglish.
4.ItisregardedasthenationalepicoftheAngloSaxonpeople.ItiswritteninOldEnglish,part-historical,part-legendary.Itisalongnarrativepoemonthethemeofarmsandman,mixingwithpaganelementsandChristiancoloring.
ArtisticfeatureinBeowulf
1.Theuseofalliteration,wordsbeginningwiththesameconsonantsalliteratewitheachotherwithineachline,orawordbeginningwithavowelalliterateswithanotherwordbeginningwiththesameoranothervowel.e.g.
a.ThusmadetheirmourningthemenofGeatland,
b.Fortheirhero’spassing,hisheath-companion
c.Quoththatofallthekingsofearth,
e.Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved
f.Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise
2.Theuseofindirectmetaphor(kennings)
e.g.sea:
swan-road,whale-pathorsea-bath
Ship--wave-traveler
Soldier:
shield-bearer,battle-hero,spear-fighter
Fights:
sword-clashing,edge-clash
Armor:
ring-mail,limb-sark,breast-net
3.theuseofunderstatement(低调,轻描淡写地陈述):
anegativeexpressionusuallyintheformofanunderstatementcreating
a.Nottroublesome,forverywelcome
b.Neednotpraise,forarighttocondemn
4.Parallelandantithesis
5.Episodesanddigression
MiddleEnglishliterature
AlliterativeandmetricalRomancesconstitutethebulkoftheliteraryworks
Romance—themostpopularliteraryformintheMiddleAgesinEurope;Atale(inverseorprose)thatdealswithknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsorsupernaturaloramoroussubjects,andusuallyemphasizesthechivalriclove.
Characteristicsofromance:
1)Mysterious,fantasies,romanticlove,andstandardizedcharacterization;
2)Loosestructure,simpleandstraightforwardlanguage;
3)Setinidealizedworlds,containingunlikelyorsupernaturalhappenings,reflectingachivalricage.
4)MostoftheEnglishRomancesofthetimeweremetrical.MeterandrhymehavingbeenadoptedfromFrenchpoetrytotaketheplaceofalliterationinASpoetry.
Chivalry:
Qualitiesidealizedbyknighthood,suchasbravery,courtesy,honor,andgallantrytowardwomen.
SirGawainandtheGreenknight
Artisticfeatures
1.Theuseofalliteration.ItisanalliterativeRomanceaboutKingArthurandhisroundtableknight.Eachfitconsistsof2parts,thefirstpartcontainsalliterativelonglinesofmorethan10andthesecondpartcontainsbob(twoorthreesyllables)andfourrhymedwheel.Thiskindofspecialfitmakesthenarrativerhythmchangeableandvariable;itcombinesthestrongalliterationwithmusicalrhymesoastocometotheeffectofmusicalmelody.
2.Imagesandfigurescontainmysteriousmeaningandcolorandforegroundthethemeofthispoem.
Fivestarpicture-fivesymbols,fivesenses,fivefingers,fivewounds.Threedaysincastle,threeseductions,threetest
PiersthePlowman
AlongpoembyWilliamLangland
Artisticfeatures:
1.Firstitiswrittenintheformofdreamvisions,
2.Seconditisanallegorywhichusessymbolismtorelatetruth;
3.Third,itisarealisticpictureofmedievalEngland.
Allegory:
isafictionalnarrativeorartisticexpressionthatconveysasymbolicmeaningparalleltobutdistinctfromandmoreimportantthantheliterarymeaning.
TheEnglishBallads
Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanza,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.TheEnglishandScottishpopularballadsflourishedinthe15thcentury.
Featuresofballads:
1.four-linestanza.2.1/3lines4stresses
3.2/4lines3stresses.4.Iambic(抑扬格)
5.Abruptbeginning.6.Dramaticelements
7.Toldthroughdialoguesandactions
GeoffreyChaucer(1340?
---1400)
Mainworks
HouseofFame(plot,1379)TheParliamentofFowls(1382)TroilusandCriseyde(1385)TheCanterburyTales
HismasterpieceTheCanterburytalescontainsageneralprologueand24tales,unfinishedattheauthor'ssuddendeath
Thetotaleffectofthepoem:
ageneralpictureofsocialrealityofpoet'sdayaspthepilgrimsportrayedincludemenandwomenofalldifferentprofession,thehighandthelow,thelayandtheclerical,thelearnedandtheignorant,theroguishandtheuprightallexcepttheveryhighestandthelowestinsocialrankatthetime
ArtisticfeaturesofCanterburyTales
1.Chaucerdisplayshishumorandironyashecondemnstheseviciouscharactersandtheirculpabledeeds.Theseall-pervadinghumormixwiththesatireconstitutesC’shighartisticachievementandenableshimtotowerabovehiscontemporariesasapoetandatelleroftales
2.Londondialectaseffectiveweaponforsatireandhumorforpoetry
3.thefirstuseofheroiccouplet(rhymingpairsiniambicpentameter
4.Chaucercreatesinthegeneralprologueandtothetalesawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeandthenassignstoeachofthemsomeappropriatetalescapableofsheddinglightontherespectivenarrator'sdistinctivepersonality.
Andtherearesomelinksbetweentwotales:
Unityandcoherent
ChaucerwastheforerunnerofEnglishRenaissance
1.Freethinking
2.Beliefintherightofmantoearthlyhappiness
3.Praiseman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveforlife;4.Opposedtothedogmaofasceticism
Chaucer’scontributiontotheEnglishpoetry
1.FatherofEnglishpoetryintroducedheroiccoupletintoEnglishpoetry
2.EstablishmentofEnglishastheliterarylanguageofEnglandbasedonLondondialect
Poetry:
Awayofsayingwithrhythmandorfreestyle,andrhetoricallanguagethatcorrespondtooursenseofexperience
Rhythmandmeter
Rhythm:
arrangementofstressedandunstressedsyllables
Meter:
regularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesusuallymarkedwith“∨”and“/”
Meter
1.Iamb(iambic):
anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.Itspatternislikethis:
∨/
2.Anapest(anapestic)twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsyllable.∨∨/
3.Trochee(trochDactyl(dactylic)astressedsyllablefollowedbytwounstressedsyllables./∨∨
4.Spondee(spondaic)astressedsyllablefollowedbyanotherstressedsyllable.//
5.Aic:
astressedsyllablefollowedbyanunstressedsyllable./∨
Foot
Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllables
1.Monometeronefoot2.Dimetertwofeet
3.Trimeterthreefeet4.Tetrameterfourfeet
5.Pentameterfivefeet6.Hexametersixfeet
7.Heptametersevenfeet8.Octametereightfeet
Epic
Along﹡narrativepoemcelebratingthegreatdeedsofoneormorelegendaryheroes.Inagrandceremoniousstyle.Thehero,usuallyprotectedbyorevendescendedfromgods,performssuperhumanexploitsinbattleorinmarvelousvoyages,oftensavingorfoundinganation.
TheAnglo-SaxonpoemBeowulf(8thcenturyAD)isaprimaryepic,asistheoldestsurvivingepicpoem.
Ballad
A﹡folksongororallytransmittedpoemtellinginadirectanddramaticmannersomepopularstoryusuallyderivedformatragicincidentinlocalhistoryorlegend.
Balladarenormallycomposedin﹡quatrainswithalternatingfour-stressandthree-stresslines,thesecondandfourthlinesrhyming.
Lyric
Afairlyshortpoemexpressingthepersonalmood,feeling,ormeditationofasinglespeaker.
Sonnet
Alyricoffourteenlinesusuallyiniambicpentameter.
1.Shakespeareansonnet:
AlsocalledEnglishsonnetorElizabethanSonnet.Itisstructuredof3quatrainsandafinalcoupletwiththerhymescheme:
ababcdcdefefgg
2.PetrarchanSonnet:
AlsocalledItaliansonnet.Itcontainsanoctavewiththerhymepattern
abbaabbaandasestetofvariousrhyme
Patternssuchascdecdeorcdcdcd.
3.Spenseriansonnet:
comprising3quatrainsand
acoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhyme
schemeababbcbccdcdee
Ode
Odeisadignifiedandelaboratelystructuredlyricpoemofsomelength,praisingandglorifyinganindividual,commemoratinganeventordescribingnatureintellectuallyratherthanemotionally.
Elegy
Formallyricpoemlamentingthedeathofafriendorapublicfigure,orreflectingseriouslyonasolemnsubject.
Pastoral:
ahighlyconventionalmodeofwritingthatcelebratestheinnocentlifeofshepherdsorshepherdessesinpoems,plays,andproseromance.
Blankverseandfreeverse
Blankverse:
unrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.
Freeverse:
akindofpoetrythatdoesnotconformtoanyregularmeter:
thelengthofitslinesisirregular.
Poeticdevices
1.Simile,aspecificcomparisonbetweentwounlikethings
2.Metaphor,afigureofspeechinwhichthequalityofoneistransferredontoanother.
3.Conceit,fancifulideaorfar-fetchedmetaphororimagery.
4.Personification:
afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsaregivenwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanform
5.Symbol:
anindexthatpointstoorrepresentssomethingelse
6.Paradox:
astatementorsituationthatappearstobeselfcontra
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