生命的起源English.docx
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生命的起源English.docx
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生命的起源English
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00:
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Ouruniversewasbornsome
15billionyearsago...
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36,995-->00:
00:
41,165
inagreateruption
wecall"TheBigBang".
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00:
41,833-->00:
00:
47,046
Spacedilatedandbillions
ofgalaxiesformedinthecosmos.
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00:
47,505-->00:
00:
51,967
Eachgalaxycontains
billionsofstars.
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00:
54,721-->00:
00:
59,058
Blackholestoo,
madetheirappearance.
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02:
18,012-->00:
02:
21,056
Inoneofthevast
spiralsofourowngalaxy—
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02:
21,141-->00:
02:
24,184
theMilkyWay—
theSunandtheEarth—
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02:
24,227-->00:
02:
29,148
fivebillionyearsago,
firsttookthecosmicstage.
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00:
02:
31,067-->00:
02:
36,029
Thisfilmtellsthestoryoflife's
beginningsanditsevolution.
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02:
36,072-->00:
02:
38,615
Wewillsee
asthetaleunfolds.
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02:
38,658-->00:
02:
43,120
Formsoflife,muchlike
theearliesttoexistonEarth.
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02:
43,163-->00:
02:
46,957
Mostofwhich
havebeenlongextinct.
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02:
52,172-->00:
02:
54,173
TheSun,
withitsimmensecorona,
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00:
02:
54,215-->00:
02:
57,551
wastheenergysourcethatfueled
ourcorneroftheuniverse...
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00:
02:
57,594-->00:
03:
00,220
whentheEarth
wasbutagiganticfurnace.
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04:
31,062-->00:
04:
33,939
Thefirstrocks
begantocrystallize.
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04:
38,945-->00:
04:
41,863
Slowly,theEarthcooled.
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00:
04:
52,292-->00:
04:
54,543
ThisEarthwasadesert...
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54,585-->00:
04:
58,797
Noanimals,noplants,nolife.
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04:
58,840-->00:
05:
00,507
Andnoblueskies...
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05:
00,550-->00:
05:
04,261
fortheatmosphere
containednooxygen.
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05:
12,979-->00:
05:
15,939
Therewasnowater
ontheEarth'ssurface.
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05:
15,982-->00:
05:
22,321
Castforthbyvolcaniceruptions,it
collectedallofitintheskiesabove.
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05:
45,511-->00:
05:
47,971
Thefirstrain...
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05:
59,484-->00:
06:
03,570
Boilinghot,itpoureddown
formillionsofyears.
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06:
18,586-->00:
06:
23,590
BecauseoftheEarth'smassandits
positionrelativetotheSun,
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06:
23,633-->00:
06:
28,011
itsatmospheredidnotdriftof
intothecosmicvoid.
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06:
30,598-->00:
06:
34,267
Waterwashelled
totheEarth'ssurface...
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06:
34,310-->00:
06:
37,979
asaliquid,asasolid,
andasagas.
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06:
50,118-->00:
06:
52,327
Theoceansformed.
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06:
58,876-->00:
07:
01,420
Itwasinwaterthatlifebegan...
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07:
04,005
almost4billionyearsago.
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07:
04,882-->00:
07:
06,633
Buthow?
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07,552-->00:
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11,972
Itcouldhavebeeninthedarkdepths
weresulphureousspringsbubbledup...
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07:
12,014-->00:
07:
14,599
heatedbytheEarth'smagma.
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07:
31,784-->00:
07:
34,578
Oritcouldhavebeeninpools
oforganicmatter...
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07:
34,620-->00:
07:
37,456
wherespacedusthadcometorest.
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07:
55,725-->00:
07:
59,102
Oritmaybethatminerals
providedascaffolding...
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07:
59,145-->00:
08:
02,481
aroundwhichlivingmatter
organizeditself.
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08:
28,090-->00:
08:
30,509
Whatwasthislife?
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08:
30,551-->00:
08:
34,095
Atfirstjustagroupofmolecules
enclosedinamembrane...
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08:
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08:
37,390
drawingenergyfrombeyonditself
andreproducing,
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08:
37,433-->00:
08:
41,228
whetherbyduplicationorinforms
thatalteranddiversify.
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09:
07,922-->00:
09:
09,673
Allspecies
arethoughttodescend...
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09:
14,678
fromacommonforerunnerthat
appearedalmost4billionyearsago.
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14,720-->00:
09:
20,433
Wecallit:
"TheLuca".
Thelastuniversalcommonancestor.
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29,151-->00:
09:
32,112
Thefirstlivingbeings
werebacteria.
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32,154-->00:
09:
36,950
Theydrewtheirenergyfromachemical
reactioncalledchemosynthesis.
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09:
40,079-->00:
09:
43,039
Someunicellularcreatures,
cyanbacteria,
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09:
43,082-->00:
09:
47,377
usedtheSun'sluminousenergy
toproduceoxygen.
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47,420-->00:
09:
50,213
Thiswasthefirst
photosynthesis.
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09:
50,256-->00:
09:
53,883
Aprocesslatertobeadopted
bychlorophyllingplants.
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10:
21,787-->00:
10:
26,625
Oxygenwasstillararegas
andadangertolivingthings.
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26,667-->00:
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28,543
Expelledintotheair,
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28,586-->00:
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33,506
slowlyitalteredtheatmospheres
characteranditsproperties.
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40,138
Aboutoneandahalf
billionyearsago...
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41,848
thecelldevelopedanucleus...
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45,894
enablingittoprotectitsgenes
withasurroundingmembrane.
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45,978-->00:
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48,980
Lifewillhaveremained
microscopicandunicellular...
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foralmostthreebillionyears.
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51,901-->00:
10:
55,278
Everydropofwater
containedaworld.
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58,782
700millionyearsafter
thenucleolusemerged,
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03,203
thefirstmulticellular
organismsbegantoappear.
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Intime,life'sbasicbehaviorpatterns
begantoassertthemselves.
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17,092
Movement...andfeeling.
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Nowwehadafoodchain.
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22,264-->00:
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25,475
Abalanceevolved
betweenplantandanimallife,
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28,687
withthelattermostoften
consumingtheformer.
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21,323-->00:
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24,117
Celldivision
tookcareofreproduction.
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28,496
Thesimpleprincipleofone
cellsplittingtobecometwo.
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28,998-->00:
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32,876
Asexualreplication,
lifeontheassemblyline.
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32,918-->00:
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36,755
Efficient,butrather
lackingininnovation.
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36,839-->00:
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40,675
Someunicellularcreatures
begantojoinforces.
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40,718-->00:
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44,512
Enhancingthesizeandcomplexity
oflivingbeings.
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44,555-->00:
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47,098
Thesponge,
longthoughttobeaplant,
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12:
47,141-->00:
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50,351
wasoneofthefirstanimals
toliveinacolony.
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52,146-->00:
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54,606
Lifehadbeen
exclusivelyunicellular...
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57,692
foralmostthreebillionyears.
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57,777-->00:
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00,695
Butthen,for670millionyears,
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00,738-->00:
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05,658
invertebratemulti-cellularmarine
animalsweretohavetheirday.
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08,204-->00:
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11,372
Tinyanimals
togetherwithmicroalgae...
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11,415-->00:
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14,209
formedenormouscoralreefs.
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28,849-->00:
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32,894
Thecoralwasconstructedforthe
mostpartbycoloniesofpolyps.
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35,980
Minutetubularcreatures
toppedwithtentacles...
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36,023-->00:
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38,900
thatreeledin
microscopicplankton.
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40,569-->00:
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43,279
Thesetinystrangely-shaped
invertebrates...
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46,616
providedmostofthe
nourishmentforthecoralreef.
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15,812
Eventuallythese
multicellularanimals...
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15,855-->00:
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18,857
sproutedorgans
withspecificattributes.
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19,859-->00:
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23,403
Theseaurchin'sambulacra
moveditalong...
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26,739
whileitsspinesprotectedit.
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Theseaurchin'smouthand
teethweresetonanaxis.
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00,732
Thisaxialsymmetry
showedupalsoinstarfish,
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04,027
brittiestarsandfeatherstars.
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39,104-->00:
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43,608
Thisspiraltubeworm
deploysitsbranchiae.
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00,583
Oxygengivenoffbyalgaemonopolized
moreandmoreoftheatmosphere.
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00,626-->00:
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03,378
Theskytookon
thehueweknowtoday.
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03,420-->00:
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05,964
Whiletherewas
stillnolifeondryland,
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06,006-->00:
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08,925
itwasburgeoningbeneaththesea.
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19,561-->00:
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21,646
Alittleoveronebillion
yearsago,
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21,689-->00:
16:
25,024
lifeonEarthmadeanquantumleap.
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25,067-->00:
16:
28,403
Lifeformsbegan
toreproducesexually.
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16:
32,157-->00:
16:
34,951
Starfishundertook
countlessfertilizations...
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16:
34,994-->00:
16:
37,495
withoutevertouching.
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16:
46,213-->00:
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48,631
Seaurchins,maleandfemale,
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16:
48,674-->00:
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52,802
releasedtheirseedinto
thewateratthesametime.
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52,404-->00:
17:
57,116
Cloudsofspermintermingled
withcloudsofovules.
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00:
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01,622-->00:
18:
03,414
Whatseemswastefultous...
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00:
18:
03,457-->00:
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07,960
helpedcompensateforthedangers
futurelarvawouldface.
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12,382-->00:
18:
14,926
Aspermcellcouldnowmerge
withanovule...
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18:
14,968-->00:
18:
16,761
andproduceafertilizedegg...
112
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18:
16,804-->00:
18:
21,516
who'sgenescamehalffromone
parentandhalffromtheother.
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00:
18:
23,060-->00:
18:
25,728
Fertilization
broughtwithitdiversity,
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18:
25,771-->00:
18:
28,397
eachorganismunique.
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18:
28,440-->00:
18:
31,109
Andwithnew
genetichorizonsopeningup,
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18:
31,151-->00:
18:
34,362
evolutionmovedintohighgear.
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18:
54,091-->00:
18:
58,511
Dividing,theeggtransformed
itselfintoalarvae.
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19:
02,683-->00:
19:
05,184
Theselarvae,
mixedwiththeplankton,
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05,227-->00:
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07,937
disseminatedthespecies.
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19:
11,692-->00:
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14,485
Thelarvaeoftheseaurchin.
121
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19:
18,240-->00:
19:
21,159
Thelarvaeofthescallop.
122
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19:
31,879-->00:
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33,921
Thelarvaeofthestarfish...
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33,964-->00:
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38,593
allsweptawaybytheprevailingcurrents
tomatureandgrowtoadulthood...
12
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