Survey of Britain.docx
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Survey of Britain.docx
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SurveyofBritain
SurveyofBritain
I.Geography
1.differentNamesforBritain
Geographicalnames:
GreatBritainandEngland.
Officialname:
theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.
SometimespeoplejustcallitBritain,theUnitedKingdomorsimplyUK
2.TheNationalFlag:
UnionJack—isthenameofBritishnationalflag.Thecolorblueisthebackgroundanditselementarycolor.Thecrossesrefertotheunityofthisnationbymeansofreligion.
Thenationalflower:
roseThenationalday:
ThursdayofthesecondweekinJune.
Anthem:
GodSavetheQueenNationalMedal(Badge):
Scotland:
unicornIreland:
harplion:
England
II.Location:
northwesternEurope
westofNetherlandsandDenmark
totalarea:
242534squarekilometers
IntheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope
theEnglishchannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast
northofFrance
EnglishChannelAnarrowseapassagewhichseparatesEnglandandFranceandconnectstheAtlanticOceanandNorthSea.ThenarrowestpartiscalledtheStraitsofDover.(whichisonly33kmacross.)
III.Fourpoliticaldivisions:
1.England:
a.southernportionofBritainb.thelargestpart(60%)/
c.mostimportantpartinwealthsize,andpopulationd.includingLondon.
2.Scotland:
a.Northernb.1707theActofUnionc.differentScottishlegalprocedure
d.Gaelic(盖尔语)isspokeninsomeHighlands.e.capital:
Edinburgh
theActofUnion合并法
In1707,Scotland,theKingdomofEnglandandWaleswerejoinedas“thekingdomofGreatBritain”(大不列颠王国).In1801,Irelandwasjoinedandthenamebecame“theunitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”(大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国).In1921,thesixNorthernIrishcountiesremainedintheunionofGreatBritain,whiletheothersobtainedautonomy,sothenameofthecountrywas“theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland”(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国).
3.NorthIreland:
a.6Irishcountiesb.In1921othercountriesgotautonomy. Belfast> c.population: Protestantmajority(English&Scottishorigin)andRomanCatholicminority(Celticorigin) 4.Wales: a.westpartb.ItjoinedBritaininthe14thcenturyc.WelshisalsoSpoken.d.Capital: Cardiff IV.Topography: 14physiographicprovinces. Thenorthandwest---highlands. Theeastandsoutheast---lowlands 1.Scotland: threenaturalzones A.ScottishHighlands: easttonortheast,intheNorth,mountainous/BenNevis---thehighestmountain Clyde---themostimportantriver B.MidlandValley: centrallowlands,easttonortheast,lowerhills&rollingcountry C.SouthernUplands: broadroundedhills. 2.Wales: mountainousnorthpart: hills&moorlandcentralpart: plateauforsheepandcattle 3.NorthernIreland: fertile,drumlincountryandabroadplateauintheNorth V.Climate: 1.mild---moderatedbyAtlanticGulfStreamtemperature: -5to242.rain---everymonth,maxinFeb.&Aug.annualrainfall: 26-100inches3.sunshine---fewer4.weatherconditions---varyrapidly VI.Rivers 1.longest---theSevernRiver2.secondlargest---theThames RiversandLakes河流与湖泊 BenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m). 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰,海拔1,343米。 SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km). 塞文河是英国最长的河流。 全长338公里。 ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km). 泰晤士河是英国第二大河,也是英国最重要的河。 全长336公里。 LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres). 讷湖(内伊湖)是英国最大的湖,位于北爱尔兰。 面积为396平方公里。 RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland. 克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。 SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.(1,085m) 斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点,海拔1,085米。 3.Features a.Themainriversrunfromnorthtosouth. b.WestwardflowingstreamsattaintheAtlanticinrelativelyshortreaches. c.Theriversdrainingeastfromthemainwaterpartingarelonger. d.Somerungenerallyacrossimpermeablerocks,andtheirdischargesincreaserapidlyafterrain. e.TheriversflowingintoEnglishChannelaremainlyshort. f.RiversinBritaindonotfreezeinwinter. g.ThelargestlakeinBritainistheLoughNeaghinNorthernIreland. ChapterIINaturalResources Britainisrichincoal,iron,tin,copper,leadandsilver I.Water—abundantsurfacewater: rivers,reservoirsinWelshmountains,lakesinLakeDistrict.38%requirementsarefromundergroundsources. II.Fuels 1.Coal: BritainhassomeofgreatcoalfieldsinthemidlandvalleyofScotland&SouthWales. 2.Naturalgas: 1964-1966discoveredinNorthSea 3.Oil: discoveredin1970inNorthSea 4.NuclearPowerStation: operatedbyAtomicEnergyAuthority,provided10%ofelectricity III.MetalOres 1.Ironore: sedimentarydeposits沉积矿床withself-fluxing自熔性的prosperities 2.Tinore: hasbeenworkedmorethan3000years 3.Leadore: containingsilver,hasbeenworkedsincepre-Romantimes,liesinlimestoneregions 4.Copper: NorthWales,ancientvolcanicrocks ChapterIIIEconomy I.ThecharacteristicsoftheBritainEconomy 1.Britainwasoneoftheworld’smostadvancedmanufacturingandtradenations.Thepoundsterlingistheexchangecurrencyforaboutonethirdoftheworld'sforeigntrade. 2.TheBritisheconomywasthefirsttohavebeenfullyindustrialized.IndustrialRevolution(1750-1850) 3.Theagriculturedoesnotproduceenoughfoodtomeetthecountry’sbasicneedsandpartofallvitalfoodstuffshastobeimported. 4.Britishindustryisoperatedbydifferenttypesoffirms: smallfamilybusiness&greatpubliccorporation. A.Privatization: thereturnofstateenterprisestoprivateownershipandcontrolbysmallfamilybusiness,usuallyorganizedasaprivatecompany. B.Nationalization: theacquisitionofprivatecompaniesbythepublicsector.Inthe1960’s,concentrationinindustryasawholeincreased,especiallyinironandsteelandcoalmining,concentrationnotbymarketforcesbutbypoliticaldecision. II.Industry 1.BeforeWWII,theindustrialstructurewasbasedonexporttrade: cotton,wool,linen,shipbuilding,ironandsteelandchemicals. 2.Differentindustries A.Coalmining: In1960s,fueleconomydiversifiedandcoalindustrywithered. B.Iron-oremining: declinedandsteelproducersdependonimportedores. C.Textiles: difficulties: Cottonindustryundergoneaseverecontraction;woolindustryretainsasacraftindustryandmostareinthehandsofsmall,specializedfirms. D.Motorvehicles: majorenterprise,Sincelate1940sbecamechiefexportingindustry. E.Ironandsteel: grewrapidlyafterwar,nowwhollystate-owned F.Chemicals: growfaster,oneofthemostcapital-intensive,资本密集型的thevalueofoutput产值permanishigher,productionmostlyfromlargefirms G.Shipbuilding: remainedcraftindustryafterthelate1950’srapidlydeclined,nolongerBritain’smajorindustry 3.Agriculture ThelandavailableforfaminginEngland,Wales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandis29.3millionacres,anditshrinkseveryyearasdemandsforroadsandtheexpansionoftownsslowlyerodestheareasoffarmland Animalhusbandrypredominatesinthefarmingeconomyofthecountry.70%fthegrosssalesareanimalproducts.30%ofcrops. Thecropsarewheat,barley,oats(燕麦),rye(黑麦),andcorn,potatoes,sugarbeets(甜菜),kale(羽衣甘蓝),beans Thechieflivestockindustriesarecattle,sheep,pigsandpoultry. IV.Tradeandfinance 1.Trade: ForeigntradeplaysamajorroleintheBritisheconomy. A.Importsandexports: importfood&rawmaterials;exportmanufactures;ImportgrowsfasterthanExports. B.Invisibletrade: financialservicesuchasbanking,insurance,capitalinvestment 2.Tradeandfinance A.Finance: TheBankofEnglandisthecentreofBritishfinancialsystem. a.Itwasfoundin1694andnationalizedin1946. b.Role: toprotectthegoldandcurrencyreserve货币储备andmaintaintheinternationalvalueofpound. c.Twofinancialpolicies: bankrateandfiscalpolicy财政政策 B.Economicproblems: adversepaymentbalanceandinflation Bankrate Theofficialrediscountrate重贴现率chargedbytheBankofEngland.ThebankratetendstodeterminethegenerallevelofallinterestrateinLondon. Fiscalpolicy Itisusedforeconomiccontrolandtoprovideforacomplexsetofdesiderataexpectedfromthebudge,includingfinancingofthegovernmentactivityandofthenationalizedindustries,tariffpolicy,theredistributionofincomes,welfareprovisions. ChapterIVThePeople I.Basicinformation 1.Constitution: English(83.8%),Welsh(4.9%),Scottish(8.5%),Irish(2.9%) 2.Population: 60.2million(2005) 3.Formation: mixtureofdifferentracesofinvadersfromEuropeandotherimmigrates,speakingseveralkindsoflanguages Iberians---Celts---Romans---Anglo-Saxons---Danes---Normans II.Features Britainhasagrowingpopulation. Britainhasanageingpopulation. TheformationoftheBritishraceislongandcomplicated. TheUKisoneofthemostpopulouscountriesofEurope. Britainhasahighdegreeofurbanization,because80%liveincitiesortowns. Britishpeopletakethenationaldivisionverymuchforgranted. ChapterVMainCities I.London 1.Function: capitalofEnglandandGreatBritain,politicalcenteroftheCommonwealth,majorport 2.Itconsistsof: A.thecityofLondon(area2.5sq.km.,pop7185)—onthenorthbankoftheThames,isoneoftheworld’sleadingbankingandfinancialcenters. B.GreaterLondon---metropolitancounty(pop.7772091)madeupof12Inner&20outerLondonboroughs 3.Industries: printing,publishing,electricalandmechanical,engineeringchemicals,clothing,foodprocessing,plastics 4.Placesofinterests Guildhall市政厅St.Paul'sCathedral圣保罗大教堂TheTowerofLondon伦敦塔 UniversityofLondon伦敦大学TheBritishMuseum大英博物馆NationalGallery国家美术馆 theThames泰晤士河TowerBridgeofLondon伦敦塔桥BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫 WestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂BigBen大本钟 II.
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