中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题回忆版.docx
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中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题回忆版.docx
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中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题回忆版
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(回忆版)
阅读1:
Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance(异乎寻常地).Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:
theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.
AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepast—andhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.
Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:
fromthedawnofprimates(灵长目动物)some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.
ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign(宜人的)globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth‟sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.
1.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged________.
A)togiveuphisformerwayoflife
B)toleavethecoastalareas
C)tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetation
D)toabandonhisoriginalsettlement
2.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate________.
A)isgoingthroughafundamentalchange
B)hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000years
C)willeventuallychangefromhottocold
D)hasgonethroughperiodicalchanges
3.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution________.
A)hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchanges
B)hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchanges
C)haslargelybeeneffectedbyclimaticchanges
D)hashadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges
4.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat________.
A)humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth‟senvironment
B)Earth‟senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterference
C)Earth‟sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefuture
D)Earth‟sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture
5.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat________.
A)humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchanges
B)mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimate
C)manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocess
D)humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnature
阅读2
Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing.TheDegradationoflanguageandMusicandwhyweshouldlike,care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.
Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesgradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregranttablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish
Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.
Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,likecare.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.
Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms-heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.
1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish
Aisinevitableinradicaleducationreforms.
Bisbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment.
C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture.
D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s.
2.Theword“talking”(Linge6,paragraph3)denotes
A.modesty.
B.personality.
C.liveliness.
D.informality.
3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?
A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.
B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.
C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.
D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishCanbestconveycomplexideas.
4.ThedescriptionofRussians'loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor's
A.interestintheirlanguage.
B.appreciationoftheirefforts.
C.admirationfortheirmemory.
D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness.
5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as
A.“temporary”isto“permanent”.
B.“radical”isto“conservative”.
C.“functional”isto“artistic”.
D.“humble”isto“noble”
阅读3
Massivechangesinalloftheworld’sdeeplycherishedsportinghabitsareunderway.Whetherit’soneofLondon’sparksfullofpeopleplayingsoftball,andRussianstakinguprugby,ortheSuperbowlrivalingtheBritishFootballCupFinalasatelevisedspectatoreventinBritain,thepatternsofplayersandspectatorsarechangingbeyondrecognition.Wearewitnessingaglobalizationofoursportingculture.
Thatannualbicyclerace,theTourdeFrance,muchlovedbytheFrenchisagoodcaseinpoint.JustafewyearsbackitwasastrictlycontinentalaffairwithFrance,BelgiumandHolland,SpainandItalytakingpart.ButinrecentyearsithasbeendominatedbyColombianmountainclimbers,andAmericanandIrishriders.
Thepeoplewhoreallymatterwelcometheshifttowardglobalization.Peugeot,MichelinandPanasonicaremulti-nationalcorporationsthatwantworldwidereturnsforthemillionstheyinvestinteams.Soitdoesthemliterallyaworldofgoodtoseethisunofficialworldchampionshipbecomejustthat.
Thisisundoubtedlyaneconomic-basedrevolutionwearewitnessinghere,onemadepossiblebycommunicationstechnology,butmadetohappenbecauseofmarketingconsiderations.SellthegameandyoucansellColaorBudweiseraswellTheskilfulwayinwhichAmericanfootballhasbeensoldtoEuropeisagoodexampleofhowallsportswilldevelop.Theaimofcourseisnotreallytospreadthesportforitsownsake,buttoincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthemajormoney-makingevents.TheeconomicsoftheSuperbowlarealreadyastronomical.WithseatsatUS$125,gatereceiptsalonewereastaggering$10,000,000.Themostimportantstatisticoftheday,however,wasthe$100,000,000inTVadvertisingfees.Imaginehowmuchthatbecomeswhentheeyesoftheworldarewatching.
Soitcameasaterribleshock,butnotreallyasasurprise,tolearnthatsomepeoplearenowsuggestingthatsoccerchangefrombeingagameoftwo45-minutehalves,tooneoffour25-minutequarters.Theideaisunashamedlytocapturemoreadvertisingrevenue,withoutgivinganythoughtfortheintegrityofasportwhichreliesforitsessenceontheflowingnatureoftheaction.
Moreover,assportsexpandintoworldmarkets,andasourchoiceofsportsasconsumersalsogrows,sowewilldemandtoseethemplayedatahigherandhigherlevel.Inboxingwehaveal
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