SW02.docx
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SW02.docx
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SW02
Chapter2
SkillsofBusiness
EnglishWriting
Yourfirstconcerninimprovingthereadabilityofyournonfictionwritingistochoosetherightword.Yourwritingshouldusewordsmostcloselyconveyingthemeaningofyourthoughts.Flowerywordsandjargonshouldbeavoided,ifpossible,saywhatyouhavetosaysimplyandclearly.
Justassimplewordswillaidyourwriting,simplesentencesareeasiertoread.Generally,morethantwentywordsinasentencemakereadingharder.
Toachieveclarityinyourwriting,youhavetobeclearandorganizedaboutwhatyouwanttowrite.Organizationisakeytoeffectivenonfictionwriting.
要提高可读性,首先要措辞恰当。
你应选择最能表达你想法的词汇,要尽可能避免使用华丽的辞藻或专业术语,陈述力求简明扼要。
正如简单的词语有助于提高可读性一样,简单句的使用也更容易读懂。
一般说来,单个句子如果含有20个以上的单词,读起来就有点费劲。
要想主题鲜明,在商务写作时要精心组织材料。
因为布局谋篇是影响写作质量的关键。
Selectingwords
Therightwordscancommunicatebestandhavecorrectmeaningsinreaders’mind.Howtoselecttherightwordsdependsonyourabilityinusinglanguage,yourknowledgeaboutthereadersandyourgoodjudgment.用词得当可以达到良好的沟通效果,并使读者准确理解作者的用意。
如何选择恰当的措辞取决于作者的语言功底、对读者的了解和判断力。
1.Useshortandfamiliarwords
Businesswriterschooseshort,familiar,andconversationalwordsinsteadoflong,unfamiliarones.商务写作一般宜使用简单、大众化、口语化的词,而不是冗长、生僻的词。
Comparethefollowingexamples:
LongandUnfamiliarWords...................ShortandFamiliarWords
alleviate...................................................lessen,ease
ameliorate................................................improve
anticipate....................................................expect
ascertain...................................................determine,findout
asperyourrequest......................................asyourequested
cognizant.....................................................aware
consequence.................................................result,outcome
despitethefactthat......................................although
enable........................................................allow,help
endeavor.......................................................try
eventuality................................................result,outcome
expedite.....................................................speedup
facilitate.....................................................help,aid
forward.....................................................send
immediately.................................................now,rightaway
implement.................................................start
initiate..........................................................start,begin
inorderto..................................................to
necessitate.................................................require
2.Useappropriateconjunctions
Comparethefollowingtheappropriateuseofconjunctionscanenhancethereadabilityofyournonfictionwriting.
conjunctionwordsandphrases
PURPOSE
FORMAL
INFORMAL
comparison
similarly,incomparison
again,likewise,still
time
eventually,formerly,subsequently
then,next,after,latersince,while
samedirection
furthermore,moreover,inaddition
and,third,first,second,besides,also
contrast
however,nevertheless,onthecontrary
but,still,yet,meanwhile,ontheotherhand
illustration
toillustrate,inotherwords
forexample
conclusion
therefore,accordingly,inconclusion
so,asaresult,tosumup,inshort
emphasis
inanyevent,tobesure
ofcourse,naturally,obviously
3.Selectwordsforprecisemeaning
Effectivewritingrequiresbetterknowledgeoflanguage.YouwillneedtostudyEnglishwordscarefully,especiallytheshadesofdifferenceinthemeaningsofsimilarwords,ifyouwanttobeagoodEnglishwriter.Abundantknowledgeoflanguageenablesyoutousewordsefficientlyandaccurately.写作要求具备较好的语言功底。
若要成为一个优秀的商务文函写作者,就得认真学习英语词汇,特别是含义相近词汇之间的区别。
丰富的语言知识有助于你准确有效地使用词汇。
1)Themeaningofawordmayvaryaccordingtodifferentcontexts.
Forexample:
We’dliketoinformyouthatourcountersamplewillbesenttoyoubyDHLbytheendofthisweekandpleaseconfirmitASAPsothatwecanstartourmassproduction.Paymentwillbemadeby100%confirmed,irrevocableLetterofCreditavailablebysightdraft.confirm在第一个句子中的意思是“确认”。
在第二个句子中,confirmedL/C应理解为“保兑信用证”。
2)Theplacementofsomecertainwordssuchasalso,only,too,etc.,oftenaffectsthemeaningofasentence.Therefore,becarefulwhenusingthesewords.
Forexample:
Iwrotetothemonlyyesterday.
OnlyIwrotetothemyesterday.
Ionlywrotetothemyesterday.
Iwroteonlytothemyesterday.
IalsocalledJeffrey.
Also,IcalledJeffrey.
IcalledJeffreyalso.
Thislettercontainsmanyfigures,too.
Too,thislettercontainsmanyfigures.
Thisletter,too,containsmanyfigures.
Thislettercontainstoomanyfigures.
3)Somesimilarwordscannotsubstituteeachother.
例如,rebate和discount都有“折扣”的意思,但前者是在你付款后对方退给你部分款项(日常生活中常用它形容“回扣”),而后者是直接减掉本应付的部分款项。
(日常生活中常用它形容“打折”)两个词是有区别的。
4)Concretelanguageismarkedbythesharpandclearmeaningsinthereaders’mind.Abstractwordingscoverbroadmeanings,concepts,ideasandthelike.Theyarevagueandgeneral.具体的言辞因其准确清晰的含义而给人深刻印象。
抽象的言辞所涵盖的意义、概念、理念等较为宽泛,过于模糊和笼统。
Comparethefollowingexamples:
AbstractConcrete
inthecomingdaysbyWednesdayafternoon
theminority15percent
asignificantlossa65percentloss
4.Avoidsexistwords
Youhadbetteravoidusingthewordsthatsuggestmaledominance.Youmayusethefollowingrealisticwaystoimproveyourwriting.最好避免使用涉嫌男权的词语,可以使用以下几种实用的方法来提高写作技能。
1)Rewordingthesentence
Comparethefollowingsentences:
Ifacustomerorders200tonsofmechanicalequipments,hecanmakethepaymentbyD/P.
Better:
Acustomerwhoorders200tonsofmechanicalequipmentscanmakethepaymentbyD/P.
2)Makingthereferenceplural
Ifcustomersorder200tonsofmechanicalequipments,theycanmakethepaymentbyD/P.
3)Substitutingneutralexpressions
Ifacustomerorders200tonsofmechanicalequipments,heorshecanmakethepaymentbyD/P.
5.Becarefuloftheabbreviations
Rememberthattoomanyabbreviationscanmakeyourpaperworkinformal.
Comparethefollowingexamples:
1)Atournextmeeting,wewilldiscussforecasting,customersurveys,newleads,etc.
Better:
Atournextmeeting,someoftheitemswewilldiscussareforecasting,customersurveys,andnewleads.
2)It’sournewproduct.
Better:
Itisournewproduct.
6.Avoidflowerywordsandjargon
Examplesareshownasfollows.
CLICHE
UPDATE
atyourearliestconvenience,atanearlydate,recentdate
ifyouhaveadate,giveit.
underseparatecover
separately
asperyourrequest
pursuanttoyourrequest,referringtoyourrequest,inreferencetoyourletter
asrequested
Asyourequestedinyourletter…
续表
CLICHE
UPDATE
thewriter,theundersigned
me,I
thankingyouinadvance
Thankyoufor...
Wewishtoacknowledgereceiptof…
Wehavereceived…
Permitmetosay,Iwouldliketotakethisopportunityto…,thisletterisforthepurposeof…
Uselessfiller-delete
Iremain…
Oldfashioned-delete
Hereto/herewith/hereby/said/above/
same/thereof/wherein/hereinafter
Thesewordsarelegalese.Deletethem.
Attachedpleasefind…
Pleasefindenclosed…
Enclosedpleasefind…
Youwillfind…
Attachedis/are…
Enclosedis/are…
Enclosedis/are…
Hereis/are…
atthispointintime,atthiswriting,atthistime
now
Duringthecourseof…
during
inthevastmajorityofcases
inmostcases
Duetothefactthat…
dueto
squareinshape
square
Inspiteofthefactthat…
although
Inviewofthefactthat…
because
Developingeffectivesentences
Justlikechoosingwords,constructingclearsentencesinvolvesadaptationtothemindsoftheintendedreaders.Soitisadvisabletouseappropriatesentencestructurestoreachappropriatepeople.Ingeneral,simplificationisbestforallreaders.句子的组织和措辞一样也要考虑与读者相适应。
所以最好根据读者的水平选择合适的句子结构。
一般说来,简明扼要最好。
1.Emphasisonshortsentences
Shortsentencesandparagraphsareeasytounderstand.Therefore,businesswriterstrytoavoidwordysentences,thatis,onesentencecontainsnomorethan18words.Youmayadoptthefollowingwaystowritesimplesentences:
bylimitingsentencecontent;byusingwordseconomically.
短句子和段落易于理解,因此,商务写作应避免使用累赘的句子。
可采用下列方式写作简单句:
控制句子的内容;精简用词。
Comparethefollowingsentences:
Economical:
IamwritingabouttheRussellaccounttolistpotentialissuesbeforetheclient’svisit.
Wordy:
IamwritinginordertolistthepotentialissuesinregardtotheRussellaccountinadvanceoftheclient’svisit.
2.Emphasisonsentencedesigns
Notallinformationcontainedinbusinesswritingareequallyimportant,andshort,simplesentencescarrymoreemphasisthanlong,involvedones.商务文函中的所有信息并不都是同等重要的。
简短的句子比长而复杂的句子更具强调性。
Comparethefollowingexamples:
Youcomplainaboutthis,youchoseit;
Youcomplainaboutthis,becauseyouchoseit;
Youchoseitbecauseyoucomplainaboutthis.
3.Givethesentenceunity
Effectivesentenceshaveunity.Violationsofunityinsentenceconstructionresultfrom:
①unrelatedideas;②excessivedetails;and③illogicalconstructions.Youcanunitethesentencesthatcontainunrelatedideasby①puttingtheideasinseparatesentences;②makingoneoftheideassubordinatetotheother;③addingwordstoshowtheideasarerelated.Astoexcessivedetails,iftheyareimportant,puttheminseparatesentences,i.e.usingshortsentences.Howtogetillogicalconstructioneffectivedependsonyourdetailedanalysisofthesentences.好的句子具有连贯性。
不利于句子连贯性的因素有:
①不相关的内容;②过多的细节;③缺乏逻辑的结构。
对于第一种情况可用以下方式解决:
①使用独立句;②使其从属于其他信息;③添词以增加内容间的相关性。
至于第二种情形,若细节很重要,可使用独立分句,即用短句。
至于如何解决句子的逻辑结构问题,则视具体情况而定。
Comparethefollowingexamples
Ifthepartyterminatesthecooperationbe
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