旅游学概论英语阅读材料.docx
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旅游学概论英语阅读材料.docx
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旅游学概论英语阅读材料
《旅游学概论》英语学习材料
学习材料1,TheGrandTourandThomasCook
1.TheGrandTour
TheGrandTourisamajorlinkbetweentheMiddleAgesandcontemporarytourism.ThetermdescribestheextendedtravelofyoungmenfromthearistocraticclassesoftheUnitedKingdomandotherpartsofnorthernEuropetocontinentalEuropeforeducationalandculturalpurposes(Towner1996).Becausetheseliterateyoungtravelersusuallykeptdiariesoftheirexperiences,itispossibletoreconstructthiseraindetail.Weknow,forexample,thattheclassicalGrandToursfirstbecamepopularduringthemid-sixteenthcentury,andpersisted(withmodification)untilthemid-nineteenthcentury(Withey1997).WhiletherearenosinglecircuitortimeframethatdefinedtheGrandTour,certaindestinationsfeatureprominentlyinthediariesandotherwrittenaccounts.Paris
WasusuallythefirstmajordestinationofTourists,followingbyayearormoreofvisitstothemajorcitiesofItaly,andespeciallyFlorence,Rome,NaplesandVenice(Towner1996).ThoughthepoliticalandeconomicpowerofItalywasindeclinebytheearly1600s,thesecentreswerestilladmiredfortheirRenaissanceandRomanattractions,whichcontinuedtosettheculturalstandardsforEurope.Avisittotheseculturalcentreswasvitalforanyoneaspiringtojointheranksoftheelite.Thefollowingquotefroml776,attributedtoSamuelJohnson,thegreatEnglishauthor,capturesthisstatusmotive:
AmanwhohasnotbeeninItalyisalwaysconsciousofaninferiority,fromhisnothavingseenwhatitisexpectedamanshouldsee.ThegrandobjectoftravellingistoseetheshoresoftheMediterranean…AIIourreligion,almostallourlaw,almostallourarts,almostalIthatsetsusabovesavages,hascometousfromtheshoresoftheMediterranean(inBurkart&Medlik1981,P.4).
ThejourneybacktonorthernEuropeusuallytookthetraveleracrosstheSwissAlps,throughGermanyandintotheLowcountries(Flanders,TheNetherlands)wheretheRnnaissancefloweredduringthemid-1600s(Steinecke1993)
AccordingtoTowner(1996)about15000-20000membersoftheBritishelitewereabroadontheGrandTouratanytimeduringthemid-1700s.Moreover,thewealthierparticipantswerelikelytobeaccompaniedbyanentourageofservants,guides,tutorsandotherretainers.Towardstheendoftheera,theemphasisintheGrandTourshiftedfromthearistocracytothemoreaffluentmiddleclasses,resultinginashorterstaywithinfewerdestinations.Otherdestinations,suchasGermanyandtheAlps,alsobecamemorepopular(Withey1997)TheclassesfromwhichtheGrandTourparticipantsaroseaccountedforbetween7and9percentoftheUnitedKingdom’spopulationintheeighteenthcentury.Motives
alsoshiftedthroughoutthisera.Theinitialemphasisoneducation,designedtoconferthetravellerwithfullmembershipintothearistocraticpowerstructureandtomakeimportantsocialconnectionsonthecontinent,graduallygaveawaytomorestressonsimplesightseeing.Ineithermanifestation,however,theGrandTourhadaprofoundimpactontheUnitedKingdom,asculturalandsocialtrendstherewerelargelyshapedbytheideasandgoodsbroughtbackbytheGrandTourists.Atleastinaneconomicsense,theseimpactswerealsofeltinthedestinationregions,withtheappearanceofspecialisedservicessuchasthesouvenirtradeandtourguidingwithinthemajordestinationcities.Inaddition,thepracticaltravelguidefirstappearedinthe1820sinresponsetodemandfrom
would-beGrandTourists(Withey1997).
2.ThomasCook
Morethananyotherindividual,ThomasCookisassociatedwiththeemergenceoftourismasamodern,large-scaleindustry,eventhoughltwouldtakeanother150yearsformasstourismtoberealisedonaglobalscale.ABaptistpreacherwhowasconcernedwiththe‘decliningmorals’oftheEnglishworkingclass,Cookconceivedtheideaofcharteringtrainsatreducedfarestotaketheworkerstotemperance(i.e.anti-alcohol)meetingsaridbiblecampsinthecountryside.Thefirstoftheseexcursions,providedasadaytripfromLeicestertoLoughboroughon5July1841,issometimesdescribedasthesymbolicbeginningofthecontemporaryeraoftourism.Gradually,theseexcursionsexpandedinthenumberofparticipantsandthevarietyofdestinationsoffered.Atthesametime,thereasonsfortakingexcursionsshiftedfromspiritualpurposestosight-seeingandpleasure.By1845Cook(whohadbythenformedthefamoustravelbusinessThomasCook&Son)wasofferingregulartoursbetweenLeicesterandLondon.In
1863thefirstinternationalexcursionwasunder-taken(totheSwissAlps),andin1872thefirstround-the-worldexcursionwasorganisedwithanitinerarythatncludedtheBritishcoloniesofAustraliaandNewZealand.TheCookexcursionscanbeconsideredthebeginningofinternationaltourisminthelattertwocountries,althoughsuchtripswere,ofcourse,stilltheprerogativeofthewealthy.Bythelate
1870s,ThomasCook&Sonwasoperating60officesthroughouttheworld(Withey1997).
Cook’sarrangementsfortheGreatExhibitionof1851,heldinLondon,illustratetheinnovationsthatheintroducedintothetourismsector.The160000clients(3percentofallvisitors)whopurchasedhiscompany’sserviceswereprovidedwith:
·aninclusive,pre-paid,one-feestructurethatcoveredtransportation,Accommodation,guides,foodandothergoodsandservices
·organiseditinerariesbasedonrigidtimeschedules
·uniformproductsofahighlyprofessionalquality
·affordableprices,madepossiblebytheeconomiesofscalecreatedthroughlargecustomervolumes.
ThegeniusofThomasCookandhisimitators,essentially,wastoapplytheproductionprinciplesandtechniquesoftheIndustrialRevolutiontotourism.Standardised,preciselytimed,commercialisedandhigh-volumetourpackagesheraldedthe‘industrialisation’ofthesector.Thus,whilethedevelopmentoftheseasideresortswasamainlyunplannedphenomenon.ThomasCookcanbedescribedasaneffectivemanagerialpioneeroftheindustrythatfosteredandaccommodatedthedemandfortheseandothertourismproducts.Theactualconnectionbetweensupplyanddemand,however,wasonlymadepossiblebycommunicationandtransportationInnovationsoftheIndustrialRevolutionsuchastherailway,thesteamshipandthetelegraph,whichCookutilisedtohisadvantage.Asaresultofsuchinnovativeapplications,ThomasCookexposedanunprecedentedpoolofpotentialtravelers(i.e.anincreasedmarket)toanunprecedentednumberofdestinations(i.e.anincreasedsupply).Today,thepackagetourisoneofthefundamental,taken-for-grantedsymbolsofthecontemporarytourismindustry.
学习材料2,TheNatureandScopeofTourism
1.DefinitionofTourism
(1)ThedefinitiongivenbyWorldTourismOrganization,WTO
Anypersonresidingwithinacountry,irrespectiveofnationality,travelingtoaplacewithinthiscountryotherthanhisusualplaceofresidenceforaperiodofnotlessthan24hoursoronenightforapurposeotherthantheexerciseofaremuneratedactivityintheplacevisited.Themotivesforsuchtravelmaybeleisure(recreation,holidays,health,studies,religion,sports),business,family,missionormeeting.
(2)TheviewofBritishTourismSociety
Tourismisdeemedtoincludeanyactivityconcernedwithtemporaryshort-termmovementofpeopletodestinationsoutsidetheplaceswheretheynormallyliveandwork,andtheiractivitiesduringthestayatthesedestinations.
(3)ThedefinitionadoptedbyAustralianGovernment
Apersonwhoundertakestravel,foranyreason,involvingastayawayfromhisorherusualplaceofresidenceforatleastonenight;orapersonwhoundertakesapleasuretripinvolvingastayawayfromhomeforatleastfourhoursduringdaylight,andinvolvingarounddistanceatleast50km;however,fortripstonationalparks,stateforestreserves,museums,historicalparks,animalparksorotherman-madeattractions,thedistancelimitationdoesnotapply.
2.FactorsAffectingTourism
Tourismisavolatilebusiness.Notonlyisitsubjecttoclimaticchange,itisalsoinfluencedbypoliticalinstability,currencyfluctuations,changesinfashionandchangesintheeconomy.Physicalfactorsincludesceniclocations,widesandybeachesandwarm,sunnyclimates.
(1)Demographicfactors
Lifestageelementssuchasinfantsinthefamilyoradolescents,recentempty-neststatus(householdsinwhichtheyoungpeoplehavejustlefthome)orfailinghealthcanimposerestrictionsonthechoiceofholidaysorguidethe
consumertowardsaparticulartypeofholiday.Asourceoffrictioncanbethelackofadequateprovisionfordifferentlifestagegroupsatthechosendestination,for
example,theprovisionofcrechefacilitiesornightclubs.Somecompanieshaveexploitedanichemarket—themostnotableonesbeingClub18—30forthatage-groupandSagaHolidaysfortheover50s.
Ahigherlevelofeducationstronglyinfluencesthewillingnessoftravelerstotakecalculatedrisksandseekadventureinreturnforsatisfaction.Thelesswell-educatedtendtolookforfamiliarity,securityandpredictability,andthismaypreventsomepeoplefrontgoingabroad.Thelevelofeducationingeneralinfluenceslevelsofincome,whichhasastronginfluenceonthetypeofholidaytaken.
(2)Economicfactors
Economicfactorsinfluencetourisminanumberofways.Exchangerateswillinfluencetourists’choiceofdestination—astrongexchangerate,suchastheGermanDeutschMarkortheJapaneseYen,willdetervisitors;abroadcheaperplaces,suchasTurkeyandSpain,willattracttouristsastheygetgreatervalueformoney.
In1997,thegrowthinworldtourismsloweddown,duetothefinancialcrisisinAsi
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