Scientific paper structure.docx
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Scientific paper structure.docx
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Scientificpaperstructure
Scientificpaperstructure
WhyaScientificFormat?
Thescientificformatmayseemconfusingforthebeginningsciencewriterduetoitsrigidstructurewhichissodifferentfromwritinginthehumanities.Onereasonforusingthisformatisthatitisameansofefficientlycommunicatingscientificfindingstothebroadcommunityofscientistsinauniformmanner.Anotherreason,perhapsmoreimportantthanthefirst,isthatthisformatallowsthepapertobereadatseveraldifferentlevels.Forexample,manypeopleskimTitlestofindoutwhatinformationisavailableonasubject.OthersmayreadonlytitlesandAbstracts.ThosewantingtogodeepermaylookattheTablesandFiguresintheResults,andsoon.Thetakehomepointhereisthatthescientificformathelpstoinsurethatatwhateverlevelapersonreadsyourpaper(beyondtitleskimming),theywilllikelygetthekeyresultsandconclusions.TopofpageTheSectionsofthePaperMostjournal-stylescientificpapersaresubdividedintothefollowingsections:
Title,AuthorsandAffiliation,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments,andLiteratureCited,whichparalleltheexperimentalprocess.Thisisthesystemwewilluse.Thiswebsitedescribesthestyle,content,andformatassociatedwitheachsection.Thesectionsappearinajournalstylepaperinthefollowingprescribedorder:
ExperimentalprocessSectionofPaperWhatdidIdoinanutshell?
AbstractWhatistheproblem?
IntroductionHowdidIsolvetheproblem?
MaterialsandMethodsWhatdidIfindout?
ResultsWhatdoesitmean?
DiscussionWhohelpedmeout?
Acknowledgments(optional)WhoseworkdidIreferto?
LiteratureCitedExtraInformationAppendices(optional)SectionHeadings:
MainSectionHeadings:
Eachmainsectionofthepaperbeginswithaheadingwhichshouldbecapitalized,centeredatthebeginningofthesection,anddoublespacedfromthelinesaboveandbelow.DonotunderlinethesectionheadingORputacolonattheend.Exampleofamainsectionheading:
INTRODUCTIONSubheadings:
Whenyourpaperreportsonmorethanoneexperiment,usesubheadingstohelporganizethepresentation.Subheadingsshouldbecapitalized(firstletterineachword),leftjustified,andeitherbolditalicsORunderlined.Exampleofasubheading:
EffectsofLightIntensityontheRateofElectronTransportTopofpageTitle,Authors’Names,andInstitutionalAffiliations1.Function:
YourpapershouldbeginwithaTitlethatsuccinctlydescribesthecontentsofthepaper.Usedescriptivewordsthatyouwouldassociatestronglywiththecontentofyourpaper:
themoleculestudied,theorganismusedorstudied,thetreatment,thelocationofafieldsite,theresponsemeasured,etc.Amajorityofreaderswillfindyourpaperviaelectronicdatabasesearchesandthosesearchengineskeyonwordsfoundinthetitle.2.TitleFAQs3.Format:
Thetitleshouldbecenteredatthetopofpage1(DONOTuseatitlepage-itisawasteofpaperforourpurposes);thetitleisNOTunderlinedoritalicized.theauthors’names(PIorprimaryauthorfirst)andinstitutionalaffiliationaredouble-spacedfromandcenteredbelowthetitle.Whenmorethentwoauthors,thenamesareseparatedbycommasexceptforthelastwhichisseparatedfromthepreviousnamebytheword“and”.Forexample:
DucksOver-WinterinColoradoBarleyFieldsinResponsetoIncreasedDailyMeanTemperatureImaMallard,UraDrake,andWoodruffDucqueDepartmentofWildlifeBiology,UniversityofColorado-BoulderTopofpageThetitleisnotasection,butitisnecessaryandimportant.Thetitleshouldbeshortandunambiguous,yetbeanadequatedescriptionofthework.Ageneralrule-of-thumbisthatthetitleshouldcontainthekeywordsdescribingtheworkpresented.Rememberthatthetitlebecomesthebasisformoston-linecomputersearches-ifyourtitleisinsufficient,fewpeoplewillfindorreadyourpaper.Forexample,inapaperreportingonanexperimentinvolvingdosingmicewiththesexhormoneestrogenandwatchingforacertainkindofcourtshipbehavior,apoortitlewouldbe:
MouseBehaviorWhy?
Itisverygeneral,andcouldbereferringtoanyofanumberofmousebehaviors.Abettertitlewouldbe:
TheEffectsofEstrogenontheNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMiceWhy?
Becausethekeywordsidentifyaspecificbehavior,amodifyingagent,andtheexperimentalorganism.Ifpossible,givethekeyresultofthestudyinthetitle,asseeninthefirstexample.Similarly,theabovetitlecouldberestatedas:
EstrogenStimulatesIntensityofNose-TwitchCourtshipBehaviorinMice4.StrategyforWritingTitle.TopofpageABSTRACT1.Function:
Anabstractsummarizes,inoneparagraph(usually),themajoraspectsoftheentirepaperinthefollowingprescribedsequence:
thequestion youinvestigated(orpurpose),(fromIntroduction)statethepurposeveryclearlyinthefirstorsecondsentence.theexperimentaldesignandmethodsused,(fromMethods)clearlyexpressthebasicdesignofthestudy.Nameorbrieflydescribethebasicmethodologyusedwithoutgoingintoexcessivedetail-besuretoindicatethekeytechniquesused.themajorfindingsincludingkeyquantitativeresults,ortrends(fromResults)reportthoseresultswhichanswerthequestionsyouwereaskingidentifytrends,relativechangeordifferences,etc.abriefsummaryofyourinterpetationsandconclusions.(fromDiscussion)clearlystatetheimplicationsoftheanswersyourresultsgaveyou.WhereastheTitlecanonlymakethesimpleststatementaboutthecontentofyourarticle,theAbstractallowsyoutoelaboratemoreoneachmajoraspectofthepaper.ThelengthofyourAbstractshouldbekepttoabout200-300wordsmaximum(atypicalstandardlengthforjournals.)Limityourstatementsconcerningeachsegmentofthepaper(i.e.purpose,methods,results,etc.)totwoorthreesentences,ifpossible.TheAbstracthelpsreadersdecidewhethertheywanttoreadtherestofthepaper,oritmaybetheonlyparttheycanobtainviaelectronicliteraturesearchesorinpublishedabstracts.Therefore,enoughkeyinformation(e.g.,summaryresults,observations,trends,etc.)mustbeincludedtomaketheAbstractusefultosomeonewhomaytoreferenceyourwork.TopofpageHowdoyouknowwhenyouhaveenoughinformationinyourAbstract?
Asimplerule-of-thumbistoimaginethatyouareanotherresearcherdoinganstudysimilartotheoneyouarereporting.IfyourAbstractwastheonlypartofthepaperyoucouldaccess,wouldyoubehappywiththeinformationpresentedthere?
2.Style:
TheAbstractisONLYtext.Usetheactivevoicewhenpossible,butmuchofitmayrequirepassiveconstructions.WriteyourAbstractusingconcise,butcomplete,sentences,andgettothepointquickly.Usepasttense.Maximumlengthshouldbe200-300words,usuallyinasingleparagraph.TheAbstractSHOULDNOTcontain:
lengthybackgroundinformation,referencestootherliterature,elliptical(i.e.,endingwith...)orincompletesentences,abbreviationsortermsthatmaybeconfusingtoreaders,anysortofillustration,figure,ortable,orreferencestothem.Topofpage3.Strategy:
Althoughitisthefirstsectionofyourpaper,theAbstract,bydefinition,mustbewrittenlastsinceitwillsummarizethepaper.TobegincomposingyourAbstract,takewholesentencesorkeyphrasesfromeachsectionandputtheminasequencewhichsummarizesthepaper.Thensetaboutrevisingoraddingwordstomakeitallcohesiveandclear.AsyoubecomemoreproficientyouwillmostlikelycomposetheAbstractfromscratch.4.Checkyourwork:
Onceyouhavethecompletedabstract,checktomakesurethattheinformationintheabstractcompletelyagreeswithwhatiswritteninthepaper.Confirmthatalltheinformationappearingtheabstractactuallyappearsinthebodyofthepaper.TopofpageINTRODUCTION[strategy|FAQs|style|structure|relevantliteraturereview|statementofpurpose|rationale]1.Function:
ThefunctionoftheIntroductionisto:
Establishthecontextoftheworkbeingreported.Thisisaccomplishedbydiscussingtherelevantprimaryresearchliterature(withcitations)andsummarizingourcurrentunderstandingoftheproblemyouareinvestigating;Statethepurposeoftheworkintheformofthehypothesis,question,orproblemyouinvestigated;and,Brieflyexplainyourrationaleandapproachand,wheneverpossible,thepossibleoutcomesyourstudycanreveal.Quiteliterally,theIntroductionmustanswerthequestions,“WhatwasIstudying?
Whywasitanimportantquestion?
WhatdidweknowaboutitbeforeIdidthisstudy?
Howwillthisstudyadvanceourknowledge?
”2.Style:
Usetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Someuseoffirstpersonisokay,butdonotoverdoit.Topofpage3.Structure:
ThestructureoftheIntroductioncanbethoughtofasaninvertedtriangle-thebroadestpartatthetoprepresentingthemostgeneralinformationandfocusingdowntothespecificproblemyoustudied.OrganizetheinformationtopresentthemoregeneralaspectsofthetopicearlyintheIntroduction,thennarrowtowardthemorespecifictopicalinformationthatprovidescontext,finallyarrivingatyourstatementofpurposeandrationale.AgoodwaytogetontrackistosketchouttheIntroductionbackwards;startwiththespecificpurposeandthendecidewhatisthescientificcontextinwhichyouareaskingthequestion yourstudyaddresses.Oncethescientificcontextisdecided,thenyou’llhaveagoodsenseofwhatlevelandtypeofgeneralinformationwithwhichtheIntroductionshouldbegin.HereistheinformationshouldflowinyourIntroduction:
BeginyourIntroductionbyclearlyidentifyingthesubjectareaofinterest.DothisbyusingkeywordsfromyourTitleinthefirstfewsenten
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