IGCSE经济学课件英文版.ppt
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IGCSE经济学课件英文版.ppt
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IGCSE/OLevelEconomics,1.1Thebasiceconomicproblem,S1,Factorsofproduction,Naturalresources=landMan-maderesources=capitalHumanskillsandeffort=labourBusinessknow-how=enterprise,Production,Usinginputs(resources)tomakeoutputs(goodsandservices)tosatisfytheneedsandwantsofconsumers,Consumption,Usingupgoodsandservices(products)tosatisfyconsumersneedsandwants,Thebasiceconomicproblem,Humanwantsareunlimitedbutresourcesarescarce,So,weallhavetomakechoices,Thereisalimitedamountofresourcessuchasrawmaterials,machines,factoriesandskilledworkers.Butthereareanumberofdifferentwaysinwhichtheycanbeused.,Resourceallocationthereforeinvolvesdecidinghowbesttousescarceresourcestosatisfyasmanyneedsandwantsaspossible,CHOICE,CHOICE,Choice,Similarly,peopleandgovernmentsonlyhavealimitedamountofmoneybuthavemanyneedsandwantstosatisfy,$100,Food?
Entertainment?
Clothing?
Defence?
Healthcare?
Roads?
$100bn,Opportunitycost,OpportunitycostisthecostofchoiceWhatwouldyoubuywithUS$10?
HowshouldthegovernmentspendUS$250million?
(Or,shouldthegovernmentcuttaxesbyUS$250million?
)Whatoccupationwillyouchoosewhenyoufinishyourstudies?
HowshouldanewbusinessinvestUS$20million?
Shouldweconservemorenaturalresources?
andwhatarethenextbestalternativesforegone?
Productionpossibilitycurves,AfirmproducingcarsandtrucksWhatistheopportunitycostofproducing20moretrucks?
AneconomyproducingconsumergoodsandcapitalgoodsWhatistheopportunitycostofproducing15moretonnesofconsumergoods?
Productionpossibilitycurves,Productionpossibilitycurves,Productionpossibilitycurves(PPCs)showthemaximumcombinedoutputoftwoormoreproductsafirmoranentireeconomycanproducewithitsavailableresourcesResourcesarebeingusedefficientlyiftheyareproducingtheirmaximumoutputBut,becauseresourcesarelimited,producingmoreofoneproductmeansproducinglessofanotherPPCsarethereforeausefulwayofshowingtheopportunitycostofproducingmoreofoneproductintermsofhowmuchofanothermustbegivenup,IGCSE/OLevelEconomics,2.1Economicsystems,S2,Resourceallocation,Becauseproductiveresourcesarescarcerelativetohumanwantswemustdecide:
Economicsystems,Whoinaneconomydecideswhatgoodsandservicestoproduce,howtoproducethemandwhotoproducethemfor,andhowarethesedecisionsaremade?
Economicsystems,ChinaCuba,NorthKorea,DenmarkFranceItalySwedenUKManydevelopedeconomies,ArgentinaMauritiusNepalParaguay,BahamasSingapore,Themarketeconomicsystem,Privatesectorproducers,Consumers,Goodsandservices,Money,Production,Exchange,Consumption,Inafreemarketeconomicsystemalldecisionsaretakenbyprivatesectororganizationsandindividuals.Thereislittleornoroleforgovernmentorapublicsectorandthereforelittleornotaxationorpublicspending.,Thepricemechanism,Amarketisanysetofarrangementsthatbringstogetheralltheproducersandconsumersofagoodorservicesothattheycanengageinexchange.,Privatefirmsproducegoodsandservicestomaximizetheirprofits,Consumersconsumegoodsandservicestomaximizetheirutility(satisfaction),Asconsumerdemandforaproductrises,Productionbecomesmoreprofitable,soproducersincreaseoutput,Productionbecomeslessprofitable,soproducersreduceoutput,Marketpriceandquantitytraded,MARKETPRICERISES,MARKETPRICEFALLS,Asconsumerdemandforaproductfalls,Whatsgoodaboutthemarketsystem?
AwidevarietyofgoodsandserviceswillbeproducedtosatisfyconsumerwantsFirmsrespondquicklytochangesinconsumerwantsandspendingpatternsTheprofitmotiveoffirmsencouragesthemtodevelopnewproductsandusethemostefficientmethodsofproductionTherearenotaxes,Profitscanbeincreasedbyincreasingsalesand/orreducingcostsofproduction,Ifconsumerdemandisrising,priceswillriseandproductionbecomesmoreprofitable.Entrepreneurswillallocateresourcestotheirmostprofitableuses,Thereisnopublicsectorinatotallyfreemarketeconomicsystem,Howthemarketsystemcanfail,Marketfailure:
whenfreemarketsfailtoproducegoodsandservicesthatareworthwhileorwhenthedecisionsofproducersorconsumersresultinwastefulorharmfulactivities,NATIONALPARK,Howthemarketsystemcanfail,Marketfailure:
whenfreemarketsfailtoproducegoodsandservicesthatareworthwhileorwhenthedecisionsofproducersorconsumersresultinwastefulorharmfulactivities,Themixedeconomicsystem,Inamixedeconomyagovernmentcaninterveneindifferentmarketsinanattempttocorrecttheworstmarketfailures:
ItcanprovideusefulandessentialgoodsandservicesItcanprovidegoodsandservicesforpeopleinthegreatestneedItcanemploypeopleinpublicsectororganizationsandprovidefinancialsupporttoprivatesectorfirmstoboostoutputandemploymentItcanoutlawtheproductionofharmfulgoodsanddangerousactivitiesItcanoutlawbusinesspracticesthatrestrictcompetitionormisleadconsumers,Themixedeconomicsystem,Amixedeconomythereforecombinestheadvantagesofamarketeconomicsystemwith:
Howmixed?
Governmentintervention:
someproblems,Bycorrectingfailuresinsomemarkets,agovernmentmaydistorttheallocationofresourcesandcauseproblemsinothers:
HightaxesonpeopleandfirmscandistortmarketpricesignalsandreduceworkincentivesLandregulationscanincreaseproductioncostsandthereforereducetheprofitabilityandsupplyofsomegoodsandservicesPublicsectororganizationsmaybeinefficientandproducepoor-qualitygoodsandservicesbecausetheydonothavetomakeaprofitSomegovernmentspendingmaybeforpoliticalorevenpersonalgain,IGCSE/OLevelEconomics,2.2Howmarketswork,S3,Whatisamarket?
Themarketforagoodorserviceconsistsofallthoseproducerswillingandabletosupplyitandallthoseconsumerswillingandabletodemandit,demandgoodsandservicestosatisfytheirneedsandwants,supplygoodsandservicestoearnprofits,Howmanyfizzydrinks?
Ifcanswere$5each,ManyproducersFewconsumers,Ifcanswere10centseach,FewproducersManyconsumers,Demand,ThewantorwillingnessofconsumerstobuyaproductTobeaneffectivedemandaconsumermusthaveenoughmoneytobuytheproductAspricerises,thequantitydemandedbyconsumerscontractsAspricefalls,thequantitydemandedbyconsumersextendsAdemandcurveslopesdownwards,Substitutesandcomplements,Substitutescansatisfythesamewant,Complementsareinjointdemand,or,or,or,Marketdemand,Thesumofallindividualconsumerdemandsforaparticularproduct,AriseindemandThemarketdemandcurveshiftsoutwardsPossiblecausesare:
anincreaseindisposableincomesaftertaxariseinthepriceofsubstitutesafallinthepriceofacomplementtastesandfashionfavourtheproductanincreaseinadvertisingariseinthepopulationotherfactors,e.g.hotweatherincreasesdemandforcolddrinksandsuncreams,Marketdemand,Thesumofallindividualconsumerdemandsforaparticularproduct,AfallindemandThemarketdemandcurveshiftsinwardsPossiblecausesare:
afallindisposableincomesaftertaxafallinthepriceofsubstitutesariseinthepriceofacomplementtastesandfashionfavourotherproductsareductioninadvertisingafallinthepopulationotherfactors,e.g.hotweatherreducesthedemandforwindercoats,No,iftheproductisaninferiorgoodAsincomerises,consumersbuylessastheyswitchtheirdemandtoothermorepreferableproducts,Yes,iftheproductisanormalgoodAsincomerises,consumersarewillingandabletobuymore,Incomeanddemand,Butwillariseinconsumerincomealwaysleadtoanincreaseindemandforaproduct?
Supply,ThewillingnessandabilityoffirmstomakeaproductavailabletoconsumersAspricerises,thequantitysuppliedbyproducersextendsbecauseproductionbecomesmoreprofitableAspricefalls,thequantitysuppliedbyproducerscontractsbecauseproductionbecomeslessprofitableAsupplycurveslopesupwards,Marketsupply,Thesumofallindividualproducersdecisionsaboutthesupplyofaparticularproduct,AriseinsupplyThemarketsupplycurveshiftsoutwardsPossiblecausesare:
otherproductsbecomelessprofitabletoproduceafallinthecostoffactorsofproductionanincreaseinthesupplyofresourcestechnicalprogressandimprovementsinproductionprocessesandmachineryanincreaseinbusinessoptimismandexpectationsofprofitthegovernmentsubsidizesproductionand/orcutstaxesonprofitsotherfactors,e.g.goodweatherboostscropharvests,Marketsupply,AfallinsupplyThemarketsupplycurveshiftsinwardsPossiblecausesare:
otherproductsbecomemoreprofitabletoproduceariseinthecostoffactorsofproductionafallinthesupplyofresourcestechnicalfailures,suchasacutinpowersuppliesormechanicalbreakdownsafallinbusinessoptimismandprofitexpectationsthegovernmentwithdrawssubsidiesand/orincreasestaxesonprofitsotherfactors,e.g.warsandnaturaldisasters,Thesumofallindividualproducersdecisionsaboutthesupplyofaparticularproduct,Marketequilibrium,Priceperunit,Quantitytradedperperiod,D,D,S,S,Equilibriumquantitytraded(Qe),Marketprice(Pe),0,AmarketisinequilibriumwheremarketdemandequalsmarketsupplyAttheequilibriummarketpricethequantityconsumerswishtobuyisexactlyequaltothequantityproducerswishtosellIfamarketisinequilibriumtherearenopressurestochangethemarketprice,Marketdisequilibrium,Priceperunit,Quantitytradedperperiod,D,D,S,S,Pe,0,Amarketisindisequilibriumifthequantityconsumerswishtobuyisnotmatchedbythequantityproducerswishtosell,P1,P2,AtpriceP1thereisanexcesssupply.Pricewillneedtofalltopersuadeconsumerstobuymoreandforproducerstocont
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