西方文化概论.docx
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西方文化概论.docx
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西方文化概论
西方文化概论
2018年6月1日
22:
47
Makesurethatyouknowthedateandtheevents.Forexample,whathappendin17thcentury?
Topics:
Ancientgreece,acientrome,middleages,renaissance,reformation,17thcentury,enlightenment,19thcentury,20thcentury
Ancientgreece(776bc-388ad)
2018年6月18日
20:
32
Focusonthekeyideasandthespreadofgreekculture.
Hellenisticperiod:
Startedfromafterthedeathofalexanderthegreat
DuringthistimeGreekculturespreadallovertheknownworld.ThisishowtheRomanscameincontactwithit.
Greekswerepolytheist
Philosophy:
Socrates,mostlyfamousforthesocraticmethod,concernedwithgoodnessandjustice
Plato,talkingallaboutphilosophy,mostlyconcernedwithethics
Aristotle,thouthttherewasanothersense.
Literature:
Lyrical
Epic,Homer'slliadandodysseusaregoodexamplesofthese.
Drama,performedonastage
Otherkeyideas:
Scienceandmedicinebegantoformfoundationsinthistime
Greekarchitecturewasverybeautifulandartistic.Stillcanbeseentoday.(thewhitehouse)
Thedemocraticrulingsystemwasinvented
Greekculturewashighlycriticalandrational.Theseideasarethebasisofmanythingsinthewesternworldtoday
AcientRome(753bc-476ad)
2018年6月18日
20:
59
Entertainment
TheyenjoythebathhousesandwatchingfightingattheColiseum
Humansvshumans/anmials
History
LegenfsaysRomulusandRemusfoundedRome,RomulusbecamekingafterkillingRemus,HencethenameRome
Themonarchyendin509bdafterarevolution,powerspreadtothepeole
450bcRomanlawwasinscribedonthe12tables
RomeflourishedunderAugustus,hewasseenasagold
Augustus
TheRomanenperorwhoboughtRomeintoit'sgoldenage
IfoundRomeacityofbricksandleftitacityofmarble
ThemostsuccessfulleaderofRome
Hewassopopularwhenhediedthepeoplemadehimagod
PaxRomana
ThetwocenturiesofpeaceenjoyedbytheRomanpeopleGods
SameastheGreekgodsexceptnameshacechangedforsome
TheywereworshipedatthePantheon
Stoicism
Startedaround300BC
Wasseenasself-controlandstrengthtobeatnegativeemotions
Stoicsshouldacceptthingsinthemomentandnotletpleasureorpaininfluentus
Virtueistheonlygood
Romanlaw-thetwelvetables
ThebiggestleftbyRometoEuropeanstoday
NolongerinusetodaybuthelpedtodevelopcurrentWesternlegalsystems
Stillstudiedinuniversities
Architecture
ThethreemanfeaturesofRomanarchitectureare:
Arch,Vault,Dome
Education
Boysandgirlswerebothtaughtbasicmath's,readingandwriting
Publicspeakingwasseenthemostprestigioussubject
MedievalTimesortheMiddleAges(476AD-1492AD)
2018年6月18日
21:
55
Themedievaltimeswereveryreligiois
MedievalCharacteristics
SmallerRuralkongdoms
LotsofWar
Veryreligious
Unstablelife
Feudalism
Atypeofsocialsystem,thedominantsocialsysteminthemiddleages
Everydaypeopletradeworkorserviceforprotectionfromtheirlandlord
Inatimeofwarprotectionwasvital
Religion
ThedominantinstitutionatthetimewastheCatholicChurch
Powercouldbetakenfrominthenameofgod
TheleaderiscalledthePope
ThePopeissaidtobetheonlyonewhocantalktoGod,ifyouwishtotalktohimyoumusttalktothePope
ThechurchcouldExcommunicatepeople
Excommunicationwasseenastheultimateshameandpeoplewoulddoanythingtoavoidit,thisgavethechurchalotofpower
Entertainment
Joustingwasapopularformofentertainment
Thisiswherepeoplewouldrideonthetopofahorseandattempttoknocktheotherpeersonoffwithapole
Knighthood
Therewasaprocesstobecomingaknightamanmustfollow
Page-squire-knight
Knighthoodsareusedtodaytoacknowledgeachievements
Chivalry
Thiswasaknightsdutiestogod
Protecttheinnocent
Befaithfultothechurch,beingthechampionofgoodagainstevilandobeyinggod
Dutiestowomen-treatwomenextremelywellandingoodmanners
Art
Medievalartwasveryreligious
OfteninvolvedthevirginmaryorBabyJesus
Architecture
Romanesque
Gothic
Monasteries
ThisiswhereMonkswouldstudyreligion
Inthemiddleagesthisistheonlyplaceyoucouldlearntoreadorwrite
Guilds
Groupofpeoplewhoshareaskill
Theymakethefirstuniversities
Therenaissance
2018年6月15日
9:
34
Causesoftherenaissance
Theinventionofthepritingpress
Siegeofconstantinople,theresourcesandbookstheyboughthelpedtoplayavitalpartintherenaissance
Urbanculture
Contactwithothercultures
Thefamousfour
Youcanusethe'忍者神龟'tohelpyourememberthesenames
LeonardoDaVinci,paintedthelastsupperandtheMonaLisa
Michelangelo,artist,makethestatueofDavid,PaintedtheceilingoftheSistinechapel
Donatello
Raphael
Humanism
Usedtheknowledgefromthepastinordertoinfluentlife
TobecomeanexcellentpersonweshouldusetheknowledgefromacientRomeandGreecetolearnlifevalues
TheReformation(1517-1648)
2018年6月15日
10:
18
Mainidea
Changingofreligious,political,intellectualandculturalviews
ThedivisionofChristianity
Causes
Social,humanismandsecularismledpeopletoquestionthechurch;printingpressspreadideascriticalofthechurch
Political,monarchschallengedthechurch'ssupermepower,thepopewasseenasforeignsowaschallenged
Economic,Euporeanroyaltywasjealousofthechurcheswealth,peoplehatedpayingtaxestothechurch
Religious,churchleadersbecamecorrupt,peoplehatethebadsellingofindulgences
The95theses
In1517MartinLuternailedthesetothedoorofthechurch
Therewerecomplaintsaboutthechurchmainlydenouncingthesalesofindulgences
Twocentralbeliefs,biblewasthewordofgod,notthepope;humansreachsalvationbyfaithandnotdeeds;thesewerntontostarttheProtestantreformation
JohnCalvin
Calvinism
BrokeawayfromCatholicchurchinthe16thcentury
Saysthebibleisliterallytrueandthechurchisthetruepower
ChurchofEngland
StartedbyHerryVIIItodivorcehiswifeasthepoperejectedthis
Wasstartedforpoliticsandnottheology
Churchlawwasgovernedbythecodeofcanonlaw
Counterreformation
ThiswastheCatholicchurchreformingthemselvesandtryingtogainbackbeliefs
Aimedatstoppingprotestantdisagreements
Discoveryofthenewworld
In1492ChristopherColumbuslandedinAmerica,andforalongtimewasconsideredtobeoneofthefirstEuropeanstosetfootinAmerica
In1492Columbussailedtheoceanblue
17thcentury
2018年6月15日
10:
46
Keyevents
DutchGoldenAge
ScitntificRevolution
DutchGoldenAge
PeroidinwhichDutchtrade,science,militaryandartwereamongthebestintheworld
EverythingtheDutchtouchedturnedtogold
Paintingsbegantoshowreallifescenes,notreligious
DutchEastIndiaCompany
1602-1799
World'sfirstmultinationalcorporation
Hadalmostgovernmentalpowersatitspeakincludingtheabilitytowagewar,imprisonandexecuteconvicts,negotiatetreaties,coinmoney,amdestablishcolonies
ScientificRevolution
16-17thcentury
Newconcepts
Earthisthecenteroftheuniverse(heliocentrism)
Ideaofatomsreplacedeverythingbeingmadeofearth,water,fireandwind
Copernicus
Proposedthetheorythattheearthevolvedaroundthesun
Galieohelpedprovethis
IsaacNewton
Consideredtobeoneofthebestscientistsever
Proposedthethreelawsofmotion
Systemizedscientificexperimentation
ReneDescartes
IthinkthereforeIam
Heputforwardtheideaofquestioningeverythingyousee
TheEnlightment(1701-1800)
2018年6月16日
11:
26
Kant-enlightmentismankind'sfinalcomingofage,theemancipationofthehumanconsciousnessfromanimmaturestateofignoranceanderror
Keythouthts
StartedduetoIsaacNewton'snewscientificthoughts
HadrootsinGreekphilosophicalthoughts,namelystoicism
Concepts
Beliefinnaturallawandorder
BeliefinHumanreasoning
Rationalandscientificapproachtoreligious,social,political,andeconomicissues
Secular(non-religious)viewoftheworld
Generalsenseofprogressandperfectibility
Theenlightment
Culturalmovementthatwantedtousethepowerofreasontoreformsocietyandadvanceknowledge
Encourageddiscussionanddiscouragedintoleranceandabusesfromchurchandstate
encyclopedie
Thiswasthebookthatwantedallofhumanknowledge,andwashopingtobeavaliabletoall
Sumsuptheidealsoftheenlightment
AdamSmith
Promotedtheideaofthefreemarketandtheinvisiblehand
ThisbecamethefoundationconceptofCapitalism
Art
Rococoartstyle
Nonsymmetricalandverybeautiful
Lotsofdetailandornate
Lightercolours
TwomajorrevolutionshappenedduetothethinkingintheEnlithtment
FrenchRevolution
Frenchwasinaperoidoflargeinequality
Theoldwaysofthinkingwereoverthrownbytheenlithtmentideasofwquality,citizenshipandinalienablerights
Thedeclarationoftherightsofmanandcitizenwaswritten,sayingthehuamanvaluesforthefutureFrance.Hadnoleligioninvolved
Americarevolution
1775-1783
TheAmericansfeltthattheBritishrulewasunfairsotheyfoughtfortheenlightmentideasofequality,citizenshipandinalienablerights
TheywereunhappywiththeBritishrulesandTaxis.TheBritishdidnotlistentotheirdemands
TheAmericanseventuallybeattheBritishandasaresultformedthemodernUnitedStates
Atthistimethedeclarationofindependencewaswritten
Romanticism1801-1900
2018年6月16日
21:
34
Keyideas
Wasn'tperoidofwarortechnology
Hadlotsofnewideas,mindsetsandappre
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