English+Speaking+Countries++Lecture+3.docx
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English+Speaking+Countries++Lecture+3.docx
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English+Speaking+Countries++Lecture+3
EnglishSpeakingCountries-Lecture3
Part1–Education
EducationintheUKcomesundertheresponsibilityoftheLocalEducationAuthorities,whilstthecentralgovernmentplaysaverylittlerole.TheDepartmentofEducationwhichispartofthecentralgovernmentmakeseducationalpoliciesandprovidesfundingthroughtheirbudget.Inthebudgetaryyearof2003/2004,13%ofthetotalUK’sbudgetwasspentoneducationor£59billion.
EducationalPolicy
Currentlychildrenbetweentheagesof5and16havecompulsoryeducation.Currently,schoolingisdividedintofourstages.Betweentheagesof5and11,isprimary,11to16secondary,16to18furthereducationand18to22+HigherEducation.
Uptothe1960sand70s,manyLEAsthoughtthatstudentsshouldbetaughtaccordingtotheirabilities.Allchildrenweregivenanexaminationcalledtheeleven-pluswhichdictatedwhichtypeofsecondaryschooltheywentto.
ThetopstudentswenttoGrammarSchoolwheretheywouldstayuntiltheywere18.GrammarschoolalsopreparedstudentsforUniversity.Todayonlytwocountiesinthewholecountrystillhavegrammarschools.Themiddleabilitystudentswenttotechnicalschoolswhichfocusedonvocationaltraining.Thelowestscoringstudentswenttosecondarymodernschools.
Inthe1960sand1970sanewschoolwasintroducedcalledcomprehensiveswhichlargelyreplacedthegroupofthree.
In1988,MargaretThatcherintroducedthenationalcurriculum.Thiswasanationwidestandardcurriculumofwhichtherewasnotbefore.Thecurriculumwasdividedintothreestages.
Stage1wasforchildrenaged5and6.Stage2wasfortheages6to11.Stage3wasages11to14andthefinalstage4fortheages14to16.ManysubjectswerecompulsorycoursessuchasMathematics,English,Scienceandtechnology.Somecoursesuchashistoryandgeographywerecompulsoryuptostage3andoptionalin4.Languagesarenottaughtuntilstage3,mainlyFrenchandGerman.
PrimaryandSecondaryEducation
Therearetwoparallelsystemsintheprimaryandsecondaryeducation–staterunandindependentschools.
Independentschoolsarefreefromgovernmentcontrolandtherearearound2500schoolsaroundthecountryincludingoneofthemostfamous,Eton.
Therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwosystemssuchasindependentstartsat7yearsoldandlastsforsixyears.Manyalsohavesinglesexclassesthoughthishasbecomelessandlesscommonoverthepast20years.
Asmentionedbefore,Statesecondaryschoolsareforages11to16butindependentschoolsarefrom13to16.
Attheendofsecondaryschool,allstudentswilltaketheirGCSE’s(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation).Eachstudentwilltakearound9or10exams(ormaybemore)onthesubjectstheyhadstudiedsincetheywere14.GradesAtoCarepass,D,E,F,GandUarefails.
Whenfinishingsecondaryschool,somestudentselecttostartworkingwhilstsomecontinuetheirstudy.
Themajorityofyoungpeoplecontinuetheirstudyatsixthformswhilstsomedoitatcolleges.
Moststudentsstudy3or4GCEAlevelswhichlast2yearsaswellassomeA/Slevelswhicharejustforone.
Sincetheearly1990’s,anewcoursecalledGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification)wasintroduced.Thiscourseismorevocationalandgivesstudentsmoreofaninsightintoworkingpracticesandthereisashortperiodofworkexperience.ThereareseveraldifferentvocationalcoursesavailablesuchasBusinessandChildcare.
AlevelsarethemainwaytoenterUniversitybutinrecentyears,GNVQhasbecomeacceptedaswell.
IndependentPrimaryandSecondarySchool
In2004,therewere2,300PublicSchools,550beingboardingschools.
Publicschoolsaregenerallybetterfundedsoareabletorecruitabetterstandardofteacherplusclasssizesaremuchsmallerthanstateschools.Thefacilitiesarealsousuallybetterthanstateschools.
Publicschoolsarenotcheap–in2004,itcostonaverage£7000pertermsoabout£21000ayearor210,000RMBperyear!
Publicschoolsusuallyarefortherichonlybutsomearecheaper.
HigherEducation
BritainboastssomeoftheoldestandmostfamousUniversitiesintheworldnamelyOxfordandCambridge.
UnlikeChina,thereisnonationalentranceexamintoUniversities.EachUniversityintheUKhasastandardwhichapplicantsmustattain.IfastudentwishestogetintoOxfordorCambridge,theymustattain4or5AorA*gradesintheirAlevels.OneofthemajorchangesinHigherEducationoverthepast20yearswastheintroductionoftheEducationActof1992.ThisactremovedthedistinctionbetweenUniversitiesandPolytechnicColleges.Nearlyalloftheold“polys”havebeenrenamedUniversities.
Astudenthasachoiceofuptoeightuniversitiestheycanapplyto.Whenthestudentreceivestheirgrades,theywillbeabletoseewhichuniversityoftheiroriginalchoicestheycangetinto.Sometimes,studentsdonotmeetthegradesthattheyneededandiftheystillwishtogotoUniversity,theygothroughasystemcalledclearing.Thissystemputsallthestudentsandallthecoursesateveryuniversitywithspacesintoapot.Mostofthetime,studentsgetthecoursetheywantedbutatalesseruniversityoracompletelydifferentcoursebutattheinstitutiontheywanted.
Therearecurrentlyover100UniversitiesintheUKandmostofthemainnewspapershaveleaguetablesonthebestperforminginstitutions.Inthe2010Timesleaguetable,OxfordwastopwithCambridgesecond.
MostofthebiggerUniversitiesespeciallyOxfordandCambridgearemadeupofseveraldifferentcolleges.Eachoneismadeupwithoverthirtycollegeslocatedalloverthecity.
Today,oneinthreeyoungBritishpeopleareUniversityeducatedwhilstinthe1980sitwasoneinsix.Thismaybecomelessoverthenext20yearsespeciallyaspoorerfamiliesfindithardertosendtheirchildrentoUniversity.
Before1998,studentsdidnothavetopaytuitionbuttodaystudents/parentshavetopayafee.
Degrees
Normally,adegreecourse(BA–BachelorofArts,orBSC–BachelorofScience)lastsforthreeyearsonly.
AfulltimeMastersdegreeisayearfulltimeortwoifdoneparttime.
Adoctorate(PhD)requiresbetweenthreeandfiveyearsresearchandstudy.
Part2–CultureandReligion
AstheUKismadeupoffourregionalgroups,whichareinthemselvesverydifferent,plusalargeamountofethnicminoritiesfromaroundtheglobe,thereisnorealhomogenousculture.
Therearesomesharedcommoncustomsespeciallythroughreligion,mainlyChristianity,plusidenticalpopularculturecultivatedandpromotedbythemassmedia.
Entertainment&Media–Pubs
PubsareanimportantplaceinmostBritishpeople’slives.Withtherecenteconomiccrisis,manypubshavehadtocloseduetolackofbusiness.
Pubsserveavarietyoffoodandofcoursedrinks.Mostpopulararevariousbrandsofalesandlagersbuttheydosellwines,spiritsandsoftdrinks.
Manygamesareplayedinpubsincludingdarts,dominoesandpoolandifabigsportingeventsuchasafootballorrugbymatchison,manypeoplego,watchandhaveafewbeers.Manypubsalsohaveaquiznights,usuallygeneralknowledge.
Entertainment&Media–Theatre
TheUKiswellknownforitstheatreandmusicals.IthasbeenhometomanytheatressincebeforeShakespeare’stime.
ManypeoplewhovisitLondonincludeatriptotheWestEndtoseeashow,ofwhichthereareatleast50playingonanygivennight.
Someshows,likeLesMisrablesorThePhantomoftheOperahavebeenplayingeverynightforover20yearsandtheyarestillthemostpopularshowsinthecity.
Entertainment&Media–TheBritishFilmIndustry
TheUKhassomefamousfilmstudioswheremanyworldfamousfilmshavebeenproducedoverthelastcentury.
PinewoodstudiosismostfamousforproducingtheJamesBondseriesmostrecently‘QuantumofSolace’.
OtherstudiosincludeElstree,SheppertonandEaling.
Entertainment&Media–ArtGalleriesandMuseums
Oneofthefewthingsyoucandoforfreeinmanycitiesisvisitsomeartgalleriesandmuseums.
TheyhousesomeofthemostdiverseandexpensivedisplaysofartandhistoryintheworldandremaintobeahugetouristattractionespeciallyinLondon.
MuseumsinLondonincludetheImperialWarMuseum,BritishMuseum,NaturalHistory,ScienceMuseumtonameafew.
TheTategalleryisoneofLondon’smostfamousGalleries.
Entertainment&Media–PopularMusic
PopularmusicintheUKisveryimportant.Peoplelistenonaverageto4hoursofmusicaweekespeciallyasradiostationsnowplaymusic24hoursaday.
VariousbandsandsingershavebeeninfluentialtothedevelopmentofpopularmusicespeciallyTheBeatlesinthe1960’swhorevolutionisedmusic.
Sincethen,therehavebeenmanybandsandsingerswhohavebeenpopularbothintheUKandoverseas.ThisincludesQueen,Sting,Blur,Oasis,TheRollingStonestonameafew.
Entertainment&Media–Television
BritainisofcoursehometotheBBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation).Foundedin1922andnationalisedin1926itwastheonlychannelintheUKbetween1936until1955(withexceptionofthewaryearswhenitdidnotbroadcast).
From1955,ITV(IndependentTelevision)wassetupwhichwasthefirstcommercialchannel.TheBBChasnocommercialsasitisfundedbyaTVlicence.EverypersonwhoownsaTVhastopayforaTVlicenceeveryyear.ThefundsfromthelicencegototheBBCtopayforprogramming.CurrentlytheTVlicenceisaround£100peryear
AsecondBBCchannel(BBC2)wasstartedin19,Channel4beganin198andchannel5beganin199,thelattertwoarebothalsocommercialstations.Allfiveareterrestrialchannels.
In1989,AustralianmediatycoonRup
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