北华大学研究生新世纪公共英语第二册第4单元 Microsoft Word 文档.docx
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北华大学研究生新世纪公共英语第二册第4单元 Microsoft Word 文档.docx
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北华大学研究生新世纪公共英语第二册第4单元MicrosoftWord文档
UnitFourTheCulturalPatterningofSpace
SuggestedTeachingPlan(4periods)
Objectives
Studentsshouldbeableto:
1.understandthemainidea(time-spaceperception);
2.increasetheirawarenessofdifferencesbetweenculturalpatternsofspace;
3.masterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetext;
4.buildupwritingskillsindevelopingcomparisonandcontrast;
5.conductaseriesofreading,listening,speaking,andwritingactivitiescenteredonthethemeoftheunit.
TimeAllotment
1stperiod:
Warm-up;Text(introductionandtextorganization;Paragraphs1-3)
2ndperiod:
Text(Paragraphs4-7)
3rdperiod:
Exercises
4thperiod:
Students’presentationconcerningtheirprojects;checkonsupplementaryreadings
Warm-up
I.GroupDiscussion
Askthestudentstoconducttheirdiscussionsingroupsandaskthegroupleaderstowritedownwordsorphrasesontheboard.Herearesomewordsorexpressionsthatmaybeassociatedwithcross-cultural“patterningofspace”(forreferenceonly).
Topic:
Space
●objectsinspace(shapeanddimensions),innerexperience,“empty”space,streetsandbuildings
●directions—northeast
●thelayoutoffurnitureinoffices
●thefunctionofspace;onlyoneormulti-functions
II.PairWork
Thisactivityistoremindstudentsofthefar-reachinginfluenceofancientculturesandtheirmajorcontributionstotheworld,forexample,theculturesofancientRome,GreeceandIndia.
Introduction
Time-SpacePerception
Cultureisman’smedium;thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture.Thismeanspersonality,howpeopleexpressthemselves(includingshowsofemotion),thewaytheythink,howtheymove,howproblemsaresolved,howtheircitiesareplannedandlaidout,howtransportationsystemsfunctionandareorganized,aswellashoweconomicandgovernmentsystemsareputtogetherandfunction.However,likethepurloinedletter,itisfrequentlythemostobviousandtaken-for-grantedandthereforetheleaststudiedaspectsofculturethatinfluencebehaviorinthedeepestandmostsubtleways.
Asacaseinpoint,letusexaminehowmostAmericansarecaptivesoftheirowntimeandspacesystems—beginningwithtime.AmericantimeiswhatIhavetermed“monochronic";thatis,Americans,whentheyareserious,usuallyprefertodoonethingatatime,andthisrequiressomekindofscheduling,eitherimplicitorexplicit.Notallofusconformtomonochronicnorms.Nevertheless,therearesocialandotherpressuresthatkeepmostAmericanswithinthemonochronicframe.However,whenAmericansinteractwithpeopleofforeigncultures,thedifferenttimesystemscausegreatdifficulty.
Monochronictime(M-time)andpolychronictime(P-time)representtwovariantsolutionstotheuseOfbothtimeandspaceasorganizingframesforactivities.Spaceisincludedbecausethetwosystems(timeandspace)arefunctionallyinterrelated.M-timeemphasizesschedules,segmentation,andpromptness.P-timesystemsarecharacterizedbyseveralthingshappeningatonce.Theystressinvolvementofpeopleandcompletionoftransactionsratherthanadherencetopresetschedules.P-timeistreatedasmuchlesstangiblethanM-time.P-timeisapttobeconsideredapointratherthanaribbonoraroad,andthatpointissacred.(FromEdwardT.Hall:
BeyondCulture,pp.16-17)
Space(orterritoriality)meshesverysubtlywiththerestofcultureinmanydifferentways.Status,forexample,isindicatedbythedistanceonesitsfromtheheadofthetableonformaloccasions;shiftstakeplaceinthevoiceasoneincreasesthedistance(whisperingtoshouting);thereareareasforwork,play,education,anddefense;andthereareinstrumentssuchasrulers,chains,andrangefindersformeasuringspaceandboundariesforeverythingfromahousetoastate.(FromEdwardT.Hall:
TheSilentLanguage,p.46)
BackgroundInformation
1.GreekCulture:
ClassicalGreeceisthesourcefromwhichmanyofthecharacteristicelementsofWesternculturederive,andthereforeitmakessensetoexaminethisculture.EpicpoetrygoesbacktoHomer,thatis,totheearliestperiodofpreservedGreekliterature.ButmostliteraryworkcomesfromAthens.Inparticular,thefifthcenturyinAthenswasthesceneforthedevelopmentofmanyliterarygenres.DramawasdevelopedbythetragediansofAthens(Aescylus,Sophocles,Euripides),comedybyAristophanes.ThewritingofhistorybeginswithHerodotusandThucydides.Modernphilosophygoesbacktothefourth-centuryBCauthorsPlatoandAristotle,thoughtheyhaveanumberofimportantpredecessors.ManyoftheformsofWesternartandarchitectureareowedtotheGreeks.
CharacteristicsofGreekThought
WhatwasitabouttheGreeksthatmadethemsoinfluentialinthedevelopmentofhumanthought?
TherearethreeverycharacteristicaspectsofGreekculturethatledthemtosuchfruitfulresultsinsomanyaspectsoflife.
1)Curiosity
First,theGreekswereverycurious.Mostnationsinantiquityhadsomeformofexplanationforwhythingsareastheyare,andonthewholepeopletooktheworldforgranted.NottheGreeks.Theywerestronglyinterestedinabstractquestionsthatwerenotraisedbyothers.Wheredidtheworldcomefrom?
Whatisthepurposeofhumanexistence?
Whatisthebestwaytoorganizehumansociety?
ThissortofinquiryneverappealedmuchtotheRomanmind,forinstance.WhenHerodotussawatempleinEgyptthatseemedtohimtoindicatethattheGreeksborrowedtheirworshipfromthere,hemadeaspecialtriptoatempleinPhoenicia,andanothertoatempleontheislandofThasostoinvestigatethequestion.
2)PowerofObservation
ThesecondcharacteristicoftheGreeksisacuityofobservation.Thistookplaceontwolevels.TheGreekswerekeenobserversofthenaturalworld.Anaximandernoticedfossilsofsealifeinthemountains,andusedthisfactinhisexplanationoftheoriginoftheworld.Onanotherlevel,theGreekswereawareofthevarietyofhumaninstitutions.ThisconceptionencouragedtheGreekstocomeupwiththeirownexplanationsforwhythingsareastheyare,andtoattempttoimproveuponthepresentstateofthings.
3)(Over)relianceonthePowersofReasoning
Finally,asalientcharacteristicoftheancientGreeksisawiderespectforhumanreasonandanattempttouseitasavehicletoexplainexistence.Inpart,thisreasonwasuseddeductively.ThismeansthatreasonwasusedtointerpretrigorouslythefactswhichtheGreeksobserved—forinstance,therealizationthattheworldisnotunchangingwasbasedupontheobservationoffossilsofsealifeinthemountains.Ontheotherhand,theGreekshadatendencytouseabstractreasoninginastonishingdisregardofobservablereality.Thus,onegetsphilosopherswhoarguethatnomotionispossibleandthatthereforenothingreallymoves,andotherphilosopherswhoarguethateverythingisinmotionandnothingstandsstill.Eitherway,abstractreasoningisusedtoreachconclusionsatvariancewithobservablereality,andthusitisconcludedonthebasisofpreconceivednotionsthattherealityweseeisakindoffigment.Tosomeextent,theGreekswere“toocleverbyhalf.”Butreallytheirestablishmentofthemodernphilosophicalmodeofthinkingisanastonishingfeatinitself,allthemoresoinlightofthefactthatmodernphilosophywasdevelopedfromscratchinthespaceofabout250years.
InfluenceofGreekThought
ThustheGreeksarethefountainheadofourmodernwayofviewingtheworld.Humanreasoncanbeusedtointerprethumanaffairsinlightofalogicalhumandevelopment.ThisviewwaspassedontotheRomans,andinlateantiquitythetheologyoftheChristianchurchwasfusedwiththistraditionofpaganrationalismandhumanism.ThismademedievalWesternChristianitymuchlessabstractlytheologicalthanwouldotherwisehavebeenthecase.Duringtherenaissance,whendirectknowledgeofGreektextswasrevivedintheWest,theGreeksexertedamoredirectinfluenceonWesternthinking.ItishardtounderestimatethesignificanceofGreekthoughtonthemodernworld.
SummaryofImportantPoints
·Westernphilosophy,tragedyandhistorystartedwiththeGreeks.
·TheGreekswerehighlyintellectual,usingkeenpowersofobservationtoexaminetheworldasitis.butatthesametimebuildingelaboratetheoriesto“explain”theworldevenwhenobservablerealityindicatedthecontrary.
·Inthefifthcenturyaroseagroupofintellectualscalledthesophists.Theyclaimedtobeabletoteachintellectualvirtuosityandwerefundamentallyamoral,assertingthatallhumaninstitutions,includingmorality,weremereconventions.
·Socratesattackedthesophists,claimingthat“good”wasabsoluteandthatevilwasmerelytheresultofignorance.HisformofquestioningpeoplemadetheAtheniansuneasy,andtheycondemnedhimtodeathbecauseinhistrialhedirectlyinsultedthedemocraticformofgovernment.
2.RomeCulture
1)Romanculturalachievementsinart,literature,philosophyandreligionweregreatlyinfluencedbytheGreekcultureandshowverylittleoriginality.OnlyintheareaoflawdotheRomansprovideasignificantnewcontribution.
2)RomanArchitecture
·Romanarchitectureisveryutilitarianandsimple.
·Thevaultandarchareperfected.
·Greatestartisticcontributionwasthedevelopmentofcement.
·ManygreatexamplesofRomanarchitecturestillexistincluding(A)aqueducts;(B)ceremonialarchessuchasTrajan’s;(C)theColosseum;(D)theCircusMaximus;and(E)Romanbaths.
3)RomanliteratureisverysimilartoGreekliterature.
·Lucretius(95-55BC):
Philosopherwhose“OntheNatureofThings”wasanearlyEpicureanclassic.
·Horace(65-68BC):
Poetwhose“Odes”basedonearlyRomanmythologysetthestandardforRomanpoetry.
·Virgil(70BC-19AD):
ThegreatestRomanepicp
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