Grape Cultivation 葡萄栽培.docx
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Grape Cultivation 葡萄栽培.docx
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GrapeCultivation葡萄栽培
GrapeCultivation
TheclassificationofgrapeinbotanybelongstoVitaceaeofVitis.Itisoneofthefruittreesthathasthelongestcultivationhistoryandwidelydistributed.Theproductionofgrapetakesonethirdoftheproductionoffruitsworldwide.Grapecanbeeatendirectlyasfreshfruit,alsocanbeusedtoproducewine,sinceitisnourishing,withquickproductionandhighadaptability,ithasbeenwidelyplantedinChina.
1、Seedling
Therearetwokindsofgrapeseedlingfortransplanting:
selfrootedandgrafted.Theregenerationcapacityofgrapevineisstrong;thewoundbetweeneachknotcaneasilygenerateroots.Usuallyselfrootedseedlingswerewidelyused,suchaspruningorcoverthestemwithsoilforrooting.Graftedseedlingscouldstrengthentheresistancetoimprovethevariety.
2、Planting
Grapehasstrongadaptabilityondifferentsoil,butitlikessandmore,soitisimportanttopreparetheplantingtrenchandplacemanurebeforeplanting.Theplantingtrenchisnormally100centimeterswide,80centimetersdeep.Placing4000kgmanuretoevery667squaremeters.Theplantingspaceisdifferentaccordingtothestakingway,commonly200-250plantsfor667squaremeters.
Thebesttimetotransplanttheseedlingsisautumnwhichisthelast10daysofNovember,andspringwhichisthefirsttendaysofFebruarybeforetheseedlinggerminationprovedeffective.
3、Stakingstyle
Therearekindsofstakingstyles,usuallyusedare:
3.1Fence-like
Theadvantagesareeasytomanage,suitableforclosespaceplanting,earlyandhighyielding,andconvenienttoupdate.
3.2Shed-like
Theadvantagesarehighphotosyntheticefficiencyandgoodforstandardmanagement.
4、Managementofsoil,manureandwater
4.1Soilmanagement
4.1.1Deeprotovate
Theaimofdeeprotovateistoimprovesoilpermeability,toaccelerateorganichumificationanddecompositionspeed,topromotegrowthofroots.Deeprotovateincludesautumnrotovateandwinterrotovate.AutumnrotovateshouldbeafterharvestfromAugusttoOctober,totakeadvantageofsecondgrowthpeakofroot.WinterrotovateshouldbeginfromNovembertoDecember.Combinerotovatewithplacingmanure,andcontrolthedepthat20-40centimeters.
4.1.2Rotovate
Rotovatecouldstopweeds,keepmoistureandnutrientsinsoil,improvepermeability,topromoteactivityofrootsandmicro-organism.Rotovateshouldbeappliedduringgrowingseason,whichisMaytoSeptember,thedepthshouldbelessthan10centimeters,thesoilthateasygetclayshouldapplyrotovate.
4.1.3Weed
Weedsalwaystakeawaymoistureandnutrientsfromsoil.Meantimethereareheavypestsifthereistoomuchweed,suchasleafhopper,cockchafer,cutwarmetc.Combinerotovatewithweed,andapplythematgrowingstage.
4.2Watermanagement
Toproducegrape,watermanagementisextremelyimportant,whichwouldaffectqualityandproductivity.
4.2.1Drainage
Grapelikesdryland,ifwithtoomuchmoistureinthesoil,vinewouldgrowinvain,whichwouldcausebadquality,ifseriousthemoisturewouldstoprootssystemfrombreath,ortheplantwoulddieifitwasholdinwaterfortoolongtime.Grapegardenwithhighwaterleverunderground,graperootswouldbeaffectedfromgrowingdeep,thentherootsbecomeweakandcausethinvine,smallfruit,lessproductionandbadquality,sodrainageisthekeyissueneedtobeconcernbeforebuildgardern.
4.2.2Irrigation
Asthewaterrequirementofdifferentgrowingstageisdifferent,convenientirrigationtechniqueissuggestedtosolvewateringproblems.
4.3Compost
Inagrapegarden,sincelargeamountofnutrientinsoilwasconsumedbyleaves,vinesandfruitseveryyear,compostingisimportantfornutrientsupply,forthegrowthofgrape.
4.3.1Timetocompost
Accordingtotheperiod,thereshouldbe3stagesofcomposting,basedressing,topdressingandsupplydressing.Basedressingshouldbeslowactingorganicfertilizerandtheamountshouldbe60%ofquantityofthewholeyear,compostatanytimefromSeptembertonextyearJanuary.Topdressingshouldbecompostedatgrowthstagemainlyactivefertilizer,itincludesearlyspringdressingfrommidMarchtoearlyAprilwhenthebudisgettingbigger;fruitgrowingdressinginJune;andcolorupdressinginearlymidJuly.Supplydressingshouldbecompostedafteryielding,togivenutrientsfortreevigortorecoverandincreasestorageofnutrients.
4.3.2Methodofcompost
Methodsmainlyarerootcompostandexternalcompost.
4.3.2.1Rootcompost
Includingdriplineplacement,furrowplacementandspreadingtowholegarden.Driplineplacementisnormallyforyouthgarden,dig15-25centimetersoutsidearoundthecrown,with30centimeterwidthascirclesaround,placefertilizersandcoverwithsoil.Furrowplacementisforgrowngarden.Thefurrowshouldbeparalleledwithplantingline,spacebetweeneachplantis0.5-1.2meter,basedressingfurrowshouldbe30-50centimetersdeep,40centimeterswide;topdressingfurrowshouldbe15centimetersdeep,30centimeterswide,andcoverthesoilafterplacement.Spreadingtowholegardennormallyapplieswhentherootsstretchedtowholegarden,spreaddecomposedmanureandrotovate.
4.3.2.2Externalcompost
Themainwayistosprayactivefertilizermainlyatthebackofleaves,thegreenbranchandyoungfruitscouldabsorbaswell.Externalcompostnormallyapplieswhengraperemainsingrowingstage.Densityoftopdressingshouldbe:
urea0.1-0.3%,ammouniumsulphate0.3%,calciumsuperphosphate1-3%,potassiumphosphate0.05%,boricacid0.05-0.1%,Monopotassiumdlhydrogenorthophosphate0.3-0.5%.
5、Pruning
5.1Shaping
Grapeiscreepingplant,nocommonvigor,sobegintoshapeproperlyaccordingtocharacter,stakingstyle,plantingcondition,whentheplantisstillyoung,toshapeafirmvigorbypropermanageofmainandsidevine,whichiscalledshaping.Theshapesthatappliedtoproduceareasfollow:
5.1.1Fence-like
Nowadaysfencelikeimprovementtofan-shapedispopular.Earlystageaftertransplanting,cultivate2-3strongmainvines,creepthemfan-shapedonthestakingframe,cultivate2-3strongauxiliaryshootforeachmainvine.
5.1.2Shed-like
Toapplyshed-likestakingcultivationisanefficientmethodtocultivategrapeattropicalarea.Mainstakingstylesincludelevelshed,archshed,tipsyshed,saddlebackshedetc.
5.2Pruning
Pruningnamelyvinemanagement,normallyclassifiedassummer-autumnandwinterpruning,theycancomplementtoeachother.
5.2.1Summer-autumnpruning
Thekeyissueofsummer-autumnpruningisnewbranchmanagement;thegrowthofbranchwouldaffectproductivityandqualityoffruitdirectly.Managementofnewbranchconsistsof:
erasebud,leading,cutheartandauxiliaryshootmanagement.
5.2.1.1Buderasing
Thepriorityofbiennialandtriennialyoungtreesistoextendcrown,sojustapplyslightbuderasingandbranchpruning,justeraseorcutwheremightbecomecomparativelydisadvantage.Atthesametime,erasethesproutorbudthatgrowsmightydownside.Meanwhile,growntreesshouldbeapplieddifferentlevelsoferasingaccordingtothegrowingcondition,amountofwintersproutthatremainsandconditionofsproutshooting.Ifthenewbranchis100centimeters,7.5branchescouldbekeptforeachsquaremeter.Buderasingshouldbetakeninseveraltimes,thefirsttimeshouldbetakenattheearlystageofleafstretching,thesecondtimeshouldbetakenwhen8-10leavesstretched,thethirdtimeshouldbetakenuntilbearingsteadily.
5.2.1.2Leading
Leadingshouldbetakenwhenthenewbranchreaches40centimeters,normaltreesjustneedtobetakenonce;youngormightyoneshouldbetakentwice.Leadthetopnewbranchofparentbearingbranchtostretchingdirection,tietherestnewbranchstraightagainstparentbranch,thestrongnewbranchatthebasepartofparentbranchcouldbeleadtooppositedirectionasreturningdirectionwiththeparentbranch,thenewbranchstraightupontheshedshouldbetwistedslightlyfrombaseandtied.
5.2.1.3Heartcutting
Heartcuttingbeforefloweringwillhavegoodeffectonstoppingflowerandfruitdropping,allthecuttingofmainbranchshouldbefinishedbeforefullbloom.Thebesttimetodocuttingiswhenonlyoneflowerbloomonthewholetree,trytofinishcuttingin1-3days.50daysafterfullbloom,about80%newbranchstopgrowing,butseveralbrancheskeepongrowing,soearly-midJulycutthebranchandjustleave25leavesforeachnewbranch.
5.2.1.4Auxiliaryshootmanagement
Mightygrowthofauxiliaryshootwouldcausedarknessbackofstakingframe,normallywhenyoucutheartofthemainshoot,leaveoneheartcutleafforauxiliaryshoot.Excepttheonescultivatedasparentauxiliaryshoot,ifitregenerate,cuttheheartrepeatedly.Youngtreesthatgrowmightycouldleaveseveralauxiliaryshootswithplantoenlargethesizeofleaves.
5.2.2Winterpruning
Thebesttimetoapplywinterpruningshouldbedeepdormancystage,whichiseachJanuary.Themaintaskistomakesurethelengthandamountofparentbearingbranch.
5.2.2.1Theproperlengthofparentbearingbranch
Infactitisthenumberofwinterbudthatremained
Shortbranchpruning------keep1-3winterbud;
Mediumbranchpruning-------keep4-6winterbud;
Longbranchpruning---------keep7-12winterbud;
Extralongbranchpruning-------keep12winterbud.
5.2.2.2Winterpruningtechniques
Mainlyinclude:
Cutting-----thecuttingpointshouldbeupsidesegmentofthebud
Branchcutting--------thecuttingshouldbeappliedatthebasepart,leave5centimetershortbranchincasethewoundinvadeinsideoldbranch.
Updatingdoublebranch--------whilepruninglongshoots,keepthedownsidewith2sprouts
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