intermediate赖世雄美国英语课本文档必备学习.docx
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intermediate赖世雄美国英语课本文档必备学习.docx
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intermediate赖世雄美国英语课本文档必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧
编者按:
美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文(含毕业论文)等。
研究生presentation及seminar的机会更是占很大的比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。
如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩,是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式的教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力的优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。
反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries),本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成;而这三大部分各自内容如下:
(一)篇首:
封面(Title)
序言(Preface)
谢词(Acknowledge)
提要(Summary)
目录(TablesandAppendixes)
(二)本文:
引言(Introduction)
主体,含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section)、以及注释(Footnotes)
(三)参考资料:
参考书目(ReferencesorBibliography)
附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达的主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目。
题目可以提供研究者:
一.研究的方向
二.研究的范围
三.资料搜集的范围
四.预期研究成果
通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。
构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal的先前步骤,大纲是论文、报告的骨干,Proposal是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。
如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。
好的论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实的资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要的来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志,及会议性质的资料。
此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。
当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如Seminar式的报告。
就算是小报告,也至少应含
(一)TITLEPAGES:
包含主题名称、作者、日期
(二)Summary:
即主要的结论
(三)Introduction:
包括理论背景及内容
(四)TechnicalSections:
是论文的主体,为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。
(五)Conclusions:
即扼要的结论
(六)Appendixes:
复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项
美式报告的撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。
写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表的需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺的,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具,文书处理更是最基本的要求,因此WordforWindow、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。
此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好。
论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation),用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时。
投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众的反应,切中主题,避免太多数字的导引。
1.RomeWasn’tBuiltinaDayp.1.
Englishisaninternationallanguage.Therefore,itisnecessaryforustolearnit.Itcanberewardingorjustawasteoftime.It’suptoyou.Itdependsonhowyoustudyit.HerearesometipsaboutlearningEnglish.
First,don’tbeafraidtomakemistakes.Youwilllearnfromthem.Second,youmustnotbeshy.Bethick-skinnedandspeakup!
Finally,youmushbepatient.Remember,“Romewasn’tbuiltinaday.”
2.HowtoImproveYourEnglishp.9.
MackistalkingtohisfriendDon.
M:
Hi,Don!
HowareyoudoinginyourEnglishclass?
D:
Notsowell,I’mafraid.
M:
What’stheproblem?
D:
I’mnotimproving.Tellme,howcomeyourEnglishissogood?
M:
Well,uh…IhaveanAmericangirlfriend.
D:
Aha!
That’sit.Nowback!
Iwasjustkidding!
3.TheCityofSongp.13
Listeningtomusicisthefavoritepastimeofmanypeopleallovertheworld.ThisisespeciallytrueforpeoplelivinginVienna,thecityofsong.BeingthehomeofMozart,thiscityisthebirthplaceofclassicalmusicandthewaltz.
MusicfillstheairinVienna.Goingtopublicconcertsisoftenfreeofcharge.Anddon’tforget,ViennaisalsohometotheworldfamousViennaBoys’Choir.NowonderpeoplesayAustriaisalwaysalivewiththesoundofmusic.
4.HeWhoHesitatesIsLostp.21
MikeisinViennawithhisgirlfriendDaisy.
M:
Areyouhavingagoodtime,Daisy?
D:
Arekidding?
I’mhavingthetimeofmylife.Ilovedtheconcerts.
M:
Concertgoingisfantasticbutwhatelsecanwedo?
D:
BikingalongthebanksoftheriverDanubecouldbefun.
M:
Itsoundslikeagreatidea!
D:
Let’sdoitthen.
M:
You’reright.Astheysay,“Hewhohesitatesislost.”
5.BungeeJumpingp.26
Bungeejumpinglookslikefun.Itmakesmenervousjusttowatchsomeonedoit.Itcertainlytakesalotofgutstojumponethousandfeetabovethewaterwithonlyaropetiedtoyourlegs.Itscaresmejusttothinkaboutit.However,itissomethingIreallywanttodooneday.Jumpisfoolishenough,buttohavetopayforitismadness.Idon’tagree.Forme,toliveashortandexcitinglifeisfarbetterthantolivealongandboringone.Whatdoyouthink?
6.NothingVentured,NothingGainedp.35
LisaandBillaretalkingabouttheirfuture.
L:
What’syourgoldinlife,Bill?
B:
Toflyintheskyandfeelasfreeasabird.
L:
That’seasy.
B:
Whatdoyoumean?
L:
Gobungeejumping.
B:
Youmushbekidding.It’stoodangerous.
L:
Well,nothingventured,nothinggained.
7.DoctorDeathp.39
Whetherverysickpeopleshouldbehelpedtoendtheirownlivesisaquestionmanypeoplecannotanswer.However,Dr.Kevorkianisanexception.Thathehasdonethismorethantwentytimesisknowntoeveryone.Somesaywhatheisdoingisimmoral.TheycallhimDoctorDeath.Otherssaywhatheisdoingismerciful.Theycallitmercykilling.
WhetherDr.Kevorkianshouldbeallowedtocontinuedoingthisisarealproblemforthegovernment.Thereseemtobetwosidestotheargument.Whichsideareyouon?
8.NoHeartsorNoBrains?
P.52
HelenandDickaretalkingaboutthepreviousarticle.
H:
Idon’tunderstandhowpeoplecanthinkDr.Kevorkianisdoingtherightthing.
D:
Well,helpingpeoplediewithdignityisnotthatbad,init?
H:
Don’tyouknow?
Wherethereislife,thereishope.
D:
Comeon.Berealistic.Thosepeoplewhowanttodiearesuffering.It’sbetterthattheygoquicklyandpainlessly.
H:
Allyoumenhavenohearts.
D:
Andallyouwomenhavenobrains.
9.BeThoughtfulp.28
Beingthoughtfulsimplymeansthinkingofothersbeforeyourself.Whatyousayordowillhaveaneffectonothers.Soitisimportantthatyouthinkbeforeyousayordoanything.Inthisway,youcanavoidhurtingothers’feelings.Moreover,athoughtlessactorremarkcanspoilaperfectrelationship.
10.WhatAreFriendsFor?
Janemeetsheroldfriend,Fred.
J:
Hi,Fred!
How’severything?
F:
Notsogood,I’mafraid.Supportingafamilyisbecomingmoreandmoredifficultthesedays.
J:
Whatyousaycan’tbemoretrue.Everythingissoexpensive.Icanhardlymakeendsmeetmyself.
F:
Oh,really?
Doyouneedanymoney?
WhatIhaveisnotmuch,butIcanloanyousome.
J:
I’mOK.Thanksforbeingsothoughtfulanyway.
F:
Whatarefriendsfor?
11.PowerwithoutPollutionp.69
Pollutionisabigprobleminalmostallthebigcitiesoftheworld.Citypeopleare,therefore,becomingmoreandmoreworriedabouthowtheycangetridofpollution.Theyarealsoconcernedaboutwhetherthegovernmentisdoingenoughtoprotecttheenvironment.
However,peopleinIrelanddon’thavetheseworries.Theyaresurethattheyhavefoundtheanswertotheproblem.Theyusewindmills.Thesewindmillscancreatepowerwithoutcreatingpollution.Thismethodissosuccessfulthatothercountriesarethinkingofdoingthesame.Whynot?
WhatworksforIrelandcanworkforanyothercountry.
12.StoptheNoisep.77
Mr.ChenistalkingtohisneighborMrs.Wang.
C:
MayIhaveawordwithyou?
W:
Sure.What’stheproblem?
C:
It’saboutyourson.I’mtiredofhismakingsomuchnoiseatallhoursoftheday.
W:
I’msorry.I’msurehe’snotdoingitonpurpose.
C:
I’msurehe’snot.Butwecandowithoutthenoisepollution,youknow?
W:
You’reabsolutelyright.Bytheway,howwasyourpartylastnight?
Itsuresoundedlikeyouhadagreattime.
C:
Uh…
13.HealthComesFirstp.81
Smokingisbadinthatitisharmfultoone’shealth.Inspiteofthefactthatdoctorshaveevenwarnedthatitcausescancer,peoplestillkeeponsmoking.
InsomeWesterncountries,however,peoplearebeginningtokickthebadhabit.Theyrealizethathealthshouldcomefirst.Tohelpthemquitsmoking,therearelawsagainstcigaretteadvertisingandsmokinginpublicplaces.ThisispraiseworthyexceptthatWesterncountriesarenowsellingcigarettesintheEastingreaternumbersthanever.Thattheyaredoingthisisimmoral,don’tyouthink?
14.QuitColdTurkeyp.89
Janeistalkingtoherboyfriend.
J:
Youpromisedmethatyouweregoingtogiveupsmoking.What’sthatinyourhand?
B:
I’msorry.IreallywanttoexceptthateverytimeIgetnervous,Ican’thelpsmoking.
J:
That’sjustanexcuse.
B:
No.It’strue.I’vetriedeverything:
chewinggum,bitingmyfingernailsandevenmeditation,butnothingworks.
J:
Well,ifyouwanttobewithme,you’lljusthavetoquitcoldturkey.
B:
Thatwillwork!
15.Don’tRelyonLuck!
P.93
Passingexamsiseverystudent’sdream.Failingthemistheirnightmare.So,torealizetheirdreams,manystudentstryanything.Theyevengotofortunetellers,buyluckycharmsandfollowoldcustoms.
InKorea,manystudentsburysomethingpersonalintheuniversitytheywanttoenter.Theybelievethatthesethingswillactasmagnetsand“pull”themintotheuniversity.Whetheritworksornot,nobodyreallyknows.Atleastitdoeseasethestudents’mindsaboutpassingexams.Remember,though,youcan’talwaysrelyonluck.Thereisnosubstituteforhardwork.
16.StudyorFlunkp.101
Kimbumpsintoherclassmate,Pak.
K:
What’sthematter,Pak?
Youlookdepressed.Didsomeonejustdieorwhat?
P:
Well,someoneisgoingtosoon.
K:
Oh,myGod!
Really?
Whoisit?
P:
Me.Iflunkedtheexamandmydad’sgoingtokillme.
K:
Howcomeyouflunked?
Ithoughtyoudideverythingthefortunetellertoldyoutodo.
P:
Ithoughtso,too.Iwassureofpassing.That’swhyIwenttoseehimthismorning.
K:
Well,whatdidhesay?
P:
HesaidIflunkedbecauseIdideverythingverywellexceptthatIforgotonething.
K:
What’sthat?
P:
Ididn’tstudy!
17.AComputerCarp.105
Youareinastrangecity.It’slateatnightandyou’retired.Butyoucan’tfindyourhotel.Yousighadeepsigh.Itseemslikeyouaredreamingaterribledream.Whatishappening?
Thissituationoftenhappenstopeoplewhotravelbycar.Butitmaybecomeathingofthepast.Newautocomputersarebeingdesignedtotellyouhowtoreachyourdestination.Asmalls
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