法律英语专题:侵权法(tort-law).ppt
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法律英语专题:侵权法(tort-law).ppt
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TortLaw,General,TortacivilwrongwhichunfairlycausessomeoneelsetosufferlossorharmItdoesnotincludebreachofcontractortrust.(Acivilwrongcanbeatort,breachofcontractorbreachoftrust.)Purposeoftortlawtoproviderelieftotheinjuredpartythroughtheawardofdamagesfortheinjuriesincurredduringatortiousact,General,todeterothersfromcommittingthesameactUStortlawTortlawintheU.S.islargelycommonlaw.Courtshavethepowertoshapeandchangetheelementsofclaimsanddefensesofexistingtortsandthepowertocreatenewtorts.Statuteshavebeenpassedinattemptstoreformthetortsystem.,General,Mostofthemhaverelatedtoproceduralmattersandamountsandcategoriesofdamages.ManyjudgesutilizetheRestatementofTorts(2nd)asaninfluentialguide.TheRestatementisaninfluentialtreatiseissuedbytheAmericanLawInstitute,whichsummarizesthegeneralprinciplesofcommonlawUnitedStatestortlaw.Categoriesoftortsintentionaltorts,General,negligencestrictliabilitytorts,IntentionalTorts,General,DefinitionAnintentionaltortisatortresultingfromanintentionalactonthepartofthetortfeasor.Subcategoriestortsagainstthepersonassaultbatteryfalseimprisonmentintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistress,General,propertytortstrespasstolandtrespasstochattels(personalproperty)conversiondignitarytortsdefamationinvasionofprivacy,TortsAgainstthePerson,Assault,DefinitionanintentionalactthatcausesanapprehensionofimmediateharmfuloroffensivecontactApprehensionisnotthesameasfearhereitmeansawarenessthataninjuryoroffensivecontactisimminent.RequirementsTheactmustbeovert.Merewordsdonotconstituteanassault.,Assault,Theremustbeanaccompanyingact.Thedefendantmusthavetheapparentabilitytocarryoutthecontact.Actualabilitytocarryoutthecontactisnotnecessary.Theplaintiffmusthaveareasonableapprehensionofsuchcontact.Actualfearontheplaintiffspartisnotrequired.Examples,Assault,swingingabaseballbatatsomeoneholdingarockandthreateningtothrowitatsomeonepointingagunatsomeonepointingarealistictoygunatsomeoneCriminalassaultandtortiousassaultCriminalassaultcanoccurevenwhennothreatisperceivedbythevictim.Withthetortofassault,aperceivedthreatbythevictimisparamount.,Assault,Adefendantwhothrowsarockatasleepingvictimandmissescanonlybeguiltyoftheattemptedbatteryassault,sincethevictimwouldnotbeawareofthepossibleharm.,Battery,DefinitionanintentionalactthatcausesaharmfuloroffensivecontactHarmfulcontactcontactthatobjectivelyintendstoinjure,disfigure,impair,orcausepainOffensivecontactcontactthatwouldoffendapersonssenseofpersonaldignity,Battery,Examplesbeatingsomeonewithatireironspittinginsomeonesfaceknockingahatoffsomeonesheadwhippingahorseonwhichsomeonewasriding,causinghimtofallandbeinjuredmixingsomethingoffensiveinfoodthatheknowsanotherwilleattheotherdoesinfacteattheoffensivematter,Battery,diggingapitwiththeintentthatanotherwillfallintoitlatertheotherdoesinfactfallintoitCriminalandtortiousbatteryUsuallybatteryisprosecutedasacrimeonlyincasesinvolvingseriousharmtothevictim.Criminallawrecognizesdegreesofcrimesinvolvingphysicalcontact.Thereisbutasingletortofbattery.,FalseImprisonment,DefinitionthedetentionofapersoninaboundedareawithoutjustificationorconsentTheessenceofthetortisthenaturalmentalharmthatresultswhenonesfreedomisrestrictedwithoutjustification.Elementsintenttoconfineapersonwithinacertainarea,FalseImprisonment,actualconfinementawarenessoftheconfinementbythepersonsoconfinednoreasonablemeansofescapeFalsearrestFalsearrestoccurswhensomeonearrestsanotherindividualwithoutthelegalauthoritytodoso,whichbecomesfalseimprisonmentthemomentheorsheistakenintocustody.,IIED,DefinitionshortforintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistressreferredtoasthetortofoutrageinsomejurisdictionsintentionalconductthatresultsinextremeemotionaldistressElementsThedefendantmustactintentionallyorrecklessly.,IIED,Thedefendantsconductmustbeextremeandoutrageous.Theconductmustcausetheplaintifftosuffersevereemotionaldistress.SevereemotionaldistressThistortinvolvesmorethanhurtfeelings,disappointment,orworry.Theremustbeseverementalsuffering,i.e.suchthatnoreasonablepersonshouldbeexpectedtoendureit.,IIED,Thisstandardisquantifiedbytheintensity,duration,andanyphysicalmanifestations(ulcersorheadaches,forexample)ofthedistress.ExamplesApersonrefusedtoinformanotherofthewhereaboutsofthatotherschildforseveralyears,thoughthepersonknewwherethechildwastheentiretime.,IIED,Apersonsentalettertoanotherfalselyinforminghimthataclosefamilymemberofhishadbeenkilledinanaccident.,StatuteofLimitations,DefinitionanenactmentthatrestrictsthetimewithinwhichlegalproceedingsmaybeinitiatedObjectivetopreventclaimsfromarisingafterallevidencehasbeenlostorafterthefactshavebecomeobscurethroughthepassageoftime,orthedeathordisappearanceofwitnesses,StatuteofLimitations,FunctionThestatuteoflimitationsisadefensethatisordinarilyassertedbythedefendanttodefeatanactionbroughtagainsthimaftertheappropriatetimehaselapsed.ApplicationThedefendantmustraisethedefensebeforethecourtuponansweringtheplaintiffscomplaint.,StatuteofLimitations,Ifnot,heisregardedashavingwaivedthedefenseandwillnotbepermittedtouseitinanysubsequentproceedings.TollingthestatuteWhenthestatuteistolled,therunningoflimitationsissuspendeduntilsomeeventspecifiedbylawtakesplace.Mostjurisdictionsprovidethatthestatuteoflimitationsistolledundercertaincircumstances:
StatuteofLimitations,Theplaintiffisaminor.Theplaintiffhasbeendeemedinsane.Theplaintiffhasbeenconvictedofafelonyandisimprisoned.Thedefendantisinbankruptcy.,ShopkeepersPrivilege,GeneralInsomejurisdictionsoftheUS,thecourtsrecognizeacommonlawshopkeepersprivilege,underwhichashopkeeperisallowedtodetainasuspectedshoplifteronstorepropertyforareasonableperiodoftime,solongastheshopkeeperhasprobablecausetobelievethatthepersondetainedinfactcommitted,orattemptedtocommit,theftofstoreproperty.,ShopkeepersPrivilege,Thisprivilegedoesnotincludethepowerofsearch.RequisiteconditionsInvestigationonornearpremisesThedetentionitselfshouldbeeffectedeitheronthestorepremisesorintheimmediatevicinitythereof.ReasonablesuspicionTheshopkeeperhasreasonablegroundstosuspecttheparticularpersondetainedisshoplifting.,ShopkeepersPrivilege,ReasonableforceonlyOnlyreasonable,non-deadlyforceisusedtoeffectthedetention.ReasonableperiodandmannerofdetentionThedetentionitselfmaybeforonlythetimenecessarytomakeareasonableinvestigationofthefacts.,PropertyTorts,TrespasstoLand,GeneralTrespasstolandoccurswhenapersondirectlyentersuponanotherslandwithoutpermission,orremainsupontheland,orplacesorprojectsanyobjectupontheland.Thebasisforthistortistherighttoexclusivepossessionoftheland.NatureThistortisactionableperse.,TrespasstoLand,Damagesarenotrequiredtobeprovenforintentionaltrespass.Onlywhentheentryisnegligentisthereanyneedtoprovedamages.IntentTheintentrequirementoftrespassisonlythatthepersonintendedtoentertheproperty.Itisirrelevantwhetherornottheentryisamistake,causedbyignoranceoftheownershiportheboundaries.,TrespasstoLand,NoteTherightsinherentinthepossessionoflandextendaboveandbelowthesurface.,TrespasstoChattels,Definitiontheintentionalinterferencewithanotherpersonslawfulpossessionofachattel(movablepersonalproperty)Interferenceanyphysicalcontact(intermeddling)withthechattelinaquantifiablewayanydispossessionofthechattel(whetherbytakingit,destroyingit,orbarringtheownersaccesstoit),TrespasstoChattels,NoteIncasesofintermeddling,thereneedstobeactualharmsustainedbytheplaintiffinorderforhimtosue.Damagesarelimitedtotheactualharm(whichcanincludeeconomiclossasaresultofthetrespasse.g.lossofprofitonadamagedchattel).Incasesofdispossession,theplaintiffisalwaysentitledtodamagesevenifnoquantifiableharmcanbeproven.,TrespasstoChattels,ExampleHermanseeshisWarandPeacesittingonatable.Hepicksupthebook,putsitinhisbagandgoeshome.Infact,thebookbelongstoLeonandHermanhasmistakenitforhisowncopy.Inthiscase,HermanisliableforatrespasstochattelsbecauseheintendedtotakeLeonsbook,eventhoughhisactionwasbasedonareasonablemistake.,Conversion,GeneralConversionoccurswhensomeonewrongfullytakesorusespropertyofanotherfortheirownpurposesordestroysitoraltersitsnature.ConversionandtheftTheftwillalsobeconversion.Butnotallconversionsaretheftsbecauseconversionrequiresnoelementofdishonesty.,Conversion,PropertysubjecttoconversionItmustbepersonalproperty.Realpropertycannotbelostandthenfound.Itmustbetangible.money,ananimal,furniture,ortoolscropsortimber(aftertheyareseveredfromtheground)rightsinapaper,suchasalifeinsurancepolicy,astockcertificate,orapromissorynote,Conversion,ExamplesApersonhasanotherscartowedawayinordertotaketheparkingplace.Adrycleanermistakenlydeliversasuittothewrongcustomer.Amechanicborrowsasportscarheissupposedtorepairwithoutpermission.Aneighborlendsherhedgetrimmertoafriend,butthefriendusesittocutdownatree.,TrespasstoChattelsandConversion,GeneralThetwoconceptsareclos
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