Unit 13 Man vs Machineppt.docx
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Unit 13 Man vs Machineppt.docx
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Unit13ManvsMachineppt
Unit13
Manvs.Machine
PartA
Pre-listeningTask
FactsandOpinions
ListentothefactsandopinionsaboutManvs.Machinetwiceandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhearfromtherecording.Payattentiontothesentencestructuresasyoumightfindthemusefulinyourowndiscussion.
FactsandOpinions
1.PerhapsoneofthebiggestadvancesintechnologythiscenturyconcernsArtificialIntelligence(AI).Thissurgeispromotingamixtureofconflictingthoughts,feelings,andemotions.OneofthemostcontroversialissueswiththeriseofAIiswhereitmeasuresincomparisontohumans.
2.Oneofthebattlesrelevanttothisissueisseeninthechessmatchbetweenman(GarryKasparov)andmachine(DeepBlue).Becausechessmasteryisconsideredtheultimateinhumanintelligence,thismatchhasdireimplications.
3.Thismatchofmanversusmachinegoesfarbeyondvictorandloser.ImplicationsofAIineverydaylifecanbeverypositive,thereforedrivingthedevelopmentandresearchofrobots.
4.Inthisenterpriseofcreatinghumanintelligencefromsilicon,onecrucialstephasbeenuniquetoallapproaches.Thatis,inordertocreateartificiallyintelligenthumans,wehavetore-examinewhatitistobehuman.
5.Amindsportisagameofmentalskillinwhichtrainingofmusclesandskillincontrollingthemoffersinsignificantadvantage,andmentalabilitiesareparamount(最高的).
6.ThefirstWorldMindSportsGameswereheldinBeijing,Chinaafterthe2008SummerOlympics,fromOctober3to18,2008.Thirty-fivegoldmedalswereviedforby2,763competitorsfrom143countries.TheGamesincludedfivemindsportscompetitions:
Bridge,Chess,Go(Weiqi),Draughts(国际跳棋),andXiangqi(ChineseChess).
7.ChessisarecognizedsportoftheInternationalOlympicCommittee.Today,chessisoneoftheworld'smostpopulargames,playedbymillionsofpeopleworldwideathome,inclubs,online,bycorrespondence,andintournaments.
8.Chessandbridge,whichoriginatedintheWest,nowhave400millionplayersacrossfivecontinents.Chinesechessisplayedby200millionplayersin20countries.
9.ThegameofGo,inventedinChinamorethan3,000yearsago,nowboasts60millionplayersinfivecontinents,mostlyinChina,Japan,andSouthKorea.Topplayershavebecomeidolsinthesecountries.
10.MahjongisagamecreatedinChinalongagoandhasplayedanimportantroleintraditionalChineseculture.Forhundredsofyears,Mahjonghasattaineditsspecialfameformoreparticipantsthananyotheractivities.
11.However,asanyotherprofoundandentertaininggame,Mahjongisalsousedbysomepeopleforgambling,bringingnegativeresultsandharmingitsreputation.
12.Likeothersports,mindsportsalsoinvolvecompetitionintheOlympictradition,emphasizingfairplay,fitness,stamina,discipline,training,concentrationandfightingspirit.
13.Computerswereusedearlyontocreateachess-playingmachine,andmodernchesstheoryisdeeplyinfluencedbytheabilitiesandinsightsofchessprograms.Forthefirsttime,in1997DeepBluebeatareigningWorldChessChampioninamatchwhenitdefeatedGarryKasparov.
14.VladimirKramnikisaRussianchessgrandmaster.HewastheClassicalWorldChessChampionfrom2000to2006,andtheundisputedWorldChessChampionfrom2006to2007.
15.Kramnikplayedasix-gamematchagainstthecomputerprogramDeepFritzinBonn,GermanyfromNovember25toDecember5,2006,losing2-4tothemachine,withtwolossesandfourdraws(平局).
16.TheComputerOlympiadsareamulti-gameseventtakingplaceeveryyearinwhichcomputerprogramscompeteagainsteachother.Themajorityofthegamesareboardgamesbutothergamessuchasbridgetakeplaceaswell.
17.Mostproposedmethodsforcreatingsmarter-than-humanortrans-humanmindsfallintooneoftwocategories:
intelligenceamplificationofhumanbrainsandartificialintelligence.
18.Peopleseeintelligentmachinesandrobotsasadirectandpotentialthreatinthenearandfarfuture.
19.AleadingUSinventorhaspredictedthatmachineswillachievehuman-levelartificialintelligenceby2029.
20.Aseniorpoliticalfigurerecentlystated,“Thecreativityofthehumanmindwillalwaysbesuperiortothemostpowerfulcomputers.”We'llsee!
Thismayormaynotturnouttobecorrect-wejustdon'tknowyet;itallremainsamatterofopinion.
21.Itseemsthatnothingmuchhasupsetpeoplemorethanthethreatofamachinethatoutsmartsthem.Justrecentlyawell-knownfigureintheindustryproposedthat2019willseeasupercomputerthatwillbemorepowerfulandcapablethanman.
22.RayKurzweil,awell-knownAmericaninventorandfuturist,said,“Humanityisonthebrinkofadvancesthatwillseetinyrobotsimplantedinpeople'sbrainstomakethemmoreintelligent.”
23.“Humansandmachineswouldeventuallymerge,bymeansofdevicesembeddedinpeople'sbodiestokeepthemhealthyandimprovetheirintelligence,”predictedMr.Kurzweil.“We'llhaveintelligentnanobots(纳米机器人)gointoourbrainsthroughthecapillaries(毛细血管)andinteractdirectlywithourbiologicalneurons(神经元).”
PairWork
Oneofyouasksthefirstsixquestionsandtheotheranswers.Startingfromquestion7,changeroles.Whenyouhavefinished,theteachermaywantyoutoanswersomequestionsinclass.
1.Whatdoyouthinkisthebiggestadvanceintechnologyinthiscentury?
2.Doyouplaymindsportsgames?
Doyouplayagainstacomputerorahuman?
3.Whichisyourfavoritemindsportsgame?
Explainhowtoplaythegame.
4.WhoisGarryKasparov?
Whatwastheoutcomeofthematchin1997betweenKasparovandDeepBlue?
5.WhatdoyouthinkofamachinewithAI,arivalorahelper?
6.WhatdoesRayKurzweilpredictaboutmanandmachine?
[Nowswitchroles.]
7.WhatdoyouknowaboutrecentdevelopmentsofAI?
Giveanexample.
8.Canyouexplainhowtoplayamindsportsgame,forexample,Go?
9.Whatarethebenefitsofplayingamindsportgame?
10.WhoisVladimirKramnik?
Whatwastheresultofthematchbetweenhimandacomputerprogram?
11.Whydosomepeopleseeintelligentmachinesandrobotsasadirectandpotentialthreat?
12.WhatwillmachineswithAIbelike20yearslater?
Pair/GroupWork
Additionalquestionsfordiscussion
1.Whichmindsportsgamesdoyoulikebest,Go,bridge,chess,mahjongorChinesechess?
Givereasons.
2.Whataretheimplicationsofthevictorieswonbysomecomputerchessprograms?
ChessgrandmasterGarryKasparovisprobablythebestchessmasterintheworld.Butin1997,hewasdefeatedbyIBM’sDeepBlueSupercomputer.Thatmeansthesupercomputerhasnowreachedastagethatcancompetewithitshumancreatorsintermsofcomplexityandspeed.Manypeoplebegantofearthatonedaytheworldmightbecontrolledorruledbysupercomputersorrobots.Thenin2003,KasparovfoughtagainstDeepJunior,anewgenerationofsupercomputers.Thistime,thebattleendedinadrawafterasix-gamemanvs.machinecontest.Thisshowsthehumanandthecomputerareequalinstrengthandinthinkingpatterns.Soinasense,itisakindofvictoryandahugesavingoffaceformankindtobeequaltocomputersnow.
3.Whowillbethemasteronthisplanetinthenearandfarfuture,manormachine?
Itisknowntousthatthehumanbraincontains10thousandmillioncellsandeachofthesemayhaveathousandconnections.ButwealsoknowthatscienceandA.I.isdevelopingatafasterpacethaneverbefore.Quitesoon,maybeinonly15or30yearsperhaps,wewillbeabletoassembleamachineascomplexasthehumanbrain.
Ibelievethatindecades,machinesofsiliconwillarisefirsttorivalandthenexceedtheirhumanancestors.Oncetheyexceedus,theywillbecapableoftheirowndesign.Inarealsensetheywillbeabletoreproducethemselves.Astheintelligenceofrobotsincreasestomatchthatofhumans,theymaydefyourordersandtakeovertheimportantjobspreviouslyoccupiedbyhumans.Thenmaybeinthefarfuture,theywillbeabletocontroltheworldandbecomethemastersonthisplanet.
PartB
I.ListeningTasks
Text
Manvs.Machine
WordBank
epica.n.史诗般的,史诗般的事情
X3DFritz(超级国际象棋电脑程序名)
anti-climaxn.令人失望的结局
subtletyn.微妙,精妙
consciousnessn.意识,知觉
Moore’sLaw摩尔定律
drawn.v.不分胜负,平局
tacticala.战术的
betoast完蛋
outplayv.胜过,击败
immobilea.固定的
pawnn.(国际象棋的)兵,卒
methodicallyad.有条不紊地,有系统地
alignv.使排成一行
flankn.侧翼
shufflev.把……移来移去
queenn.(国际象棋的)后
bishopn.(国际象棋的)象
outcalculatev.比……算得快或准
Tapescript
Manvs.Machine
November18,2003,NewYorkCity.Istayedhometowatchthefinalgameofthemanvs.machineepic:
GarryKasparovvs.X3DFritz.Oneistherenownedworldchesschampionandtheotherthebestcomputerchessprogramintheworld.
Tomostfolks,allofthismanvs.computerstuffisanti-climax.Afterall,thebarrierwasbrokenin1997whenmanwasbeaten.KasparovlosttoDeepBlueinamatchthatwastrulyfrightening,frighteningnotbecausethecomputerwon,butbecauseofhowitwon,makingmovesofsubtlety.Andsubtletymakesyouthinkthatmachineswillachieveconsciousness.
That’sthebadnews.Inthemeantime,thegoodnewsisthatthelatestman-machinechessmatchesarereasonsforsomerelief.
Weassumethatascomputersgetbetter,theyaregoingtopullawayfromus,beatingusmoreandmoreeasily,particularlyinsuchlogicalexercisesaschess.Notso.Since1997machineshavegottensomuchstrongerthatevenoff-the-shelfonesnowroutinelymassacretheordinaryplayer.Butthegreatplayersarelearningtoadapt.Geniusiskeepingup.
GivenMoore’sLaw,thatis,computersdoubleinpowerevery18months,youwouldhaveexpectedthatsixyearsafterDeepBlue’sepic
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