听力加试完整版题+部分原文.docx
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听力加试完整版题+部分原文.docx
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听力加试完整版题+部分原文
Rafflesia
ListentopartofalectureinaBotanyclass
P:
We'vebeentalkingaboutplantclassificationsandhowspeciesbelongtoafamilyandfamiliesbelongtoanorder,butsometimes,figuringouthowweassigncertainplantspeciestoaparticularorderischallenging,eveniftheplanthas...unusualcharacteristics.You'dthinkthatplantswithsimilarcharacteristicswouldbelongtothesameorder,butthat'snotalwaystrue.Agoodexampleofthisisaflower,thatis—afloweringplant—thatgrowsonlyinMalaysiaandIndonesia,calledRafflesia.
Asyoucansee,Rafflesiaisaprettyunusualplant.Forstarters,it'shuge.Theflowercangrowuptoameterinwidthandcanweighuptosevenkilos—prettybig,huhTherearen'tanyotherspecimensintheplantworldthathaveflowersevenclosetothissize.Butthat'snottheonlyunusualcharacteristicofRafflesia,infact,that'sprobablyoneoftheleaststrangefeaturesoftheplant.
Theplantalsoemitsaterriblestench,likerottingmeat.Butagain,thereareotherplantswithbadsmellingflowers.AndinthecaseofRafflesia,fliesareattractedtothatsmell,andthat'showtheflowersgetpollinated.So...um...Rafflesia'sflowersarehugeandsmelly.Rafflesiaisalsoaparasite;itgetsitsenergyfromanotherplantinsteadoffromthesun,whichisunusual,butnotunheardofintheplantkingdom.Itactuallygrowsinsideitshost,whichisatypeofgrapevine.Imean...itgrowsinsideitshostuntilitblooms—itdoesn'tbloominsidethehost.Butthatleadsmeto...Iwanttotellyoureallyquicklyaboutanotherplant,aplantthat'salsofromtheforestsofSoutheastAsia,calledMitrastema.
Now,Mitrastemaisalsoaparasite,whichledsometobelievethatRafflesiawasrelatedtoMitrastema—thattheybelongtothesameorder.MitrastemaasIsaidisaparasite,butitsflowersaremuchsmaller,anddon'tsmellbad,soyoucanseewhytherewasdebateaboutwhethertheywererelated.Butasitturnsout,Mitrastemaisactuallyrelatedtoblueberries.So,evenplantsthatshareanunusualcharacteristicwithRafflesiaarenotrelatedtoit.And,um...noplantsharesallthreeofitsunusualcharacteristics,andthatmadeclassifyingRafflesiavery,verydifficult.
Now,you'reprobablythinking,whydon'ttheyjustanalyzetheDNAoftheplantWell,asIsaid,Rafflesiaisaparasite.Itlackstheleaves;thegreentissuethatmostplantsneedforphotosynthesis.It'sunableto...um...tocapturethesunlightmostotherplantsusetomakefood.So,it'slacking...it...it...itdoesn'thavetheDNA—thegenes—forphotosynthesis,whichiswhatweusuallyusetoclassifyplantspecies.ButsomeresearchersinMichiganpersisted,andanalyzedabout90speciesofseedplantsandcomparedthemtoRafflesia,andwefinallyhadananswer.RafflesiawaspartoftheMalpighialesorder.
Now,otherspeciesintheMalpighialesorderincludeviolets...um...poinsettias...uh...passion-flowers...whatelseWillows.SoitwasprettyunexpectedbecauseflowerslikevioletsarealotsmallerthanRafflesia,rightAndtheydon'tsmellbad—theydon'tsmelllikerottingmeat...andthey'renotparasitic.Ittookalmost200yearstoclassifyRafflesia,toidentifyitsrelatives,andIdon'tthinkanyonewouldhaveeverguessedthatit'sintheorderMalpighiales.Imean...youknow-it'dbenicetobeabletoclassifyspeciesbasedontheirobviouscharacteristics,but,itdidn'tworkthatwaywithRafflesia.AndunfortunatelyforRafflesia,andforthefieldofbotany,itseemsthatRafflesiamaybedyingout.It'scertainlyendangeredbecauseofdeforestationinitshabitat.Andtomakemattersworse,Rafflesiadoesn'treproduceverywell.Firstofall,only10-20%ofbudsturnintofull-fledgedflowers,anditcantakethemayeartogrow.Therearealsomaleflowersandfemaleflowers,andoneofeachhastobeinthesamearea—thesamevicinity—atthesametime,toproduceseeds,andthefliesthatareattractedtotheflower'sstrongsmellhavetocarrypollenfromoneflowertotheother,sohowoftendoyouthinktheseeventsoccuralltogetherEvenpeoplewhostudytheplantforyearsmayneverwitnessit.
中文背景:
大王花Botany
教授一开始就介绍植物分类,提到分类中的species种,genus属,order目。
提出植物的分类不能完全依靠它flower的形态和特性。
她举了只生长在Malaysia和Indonesia的一种植物Raffesia。
它的flower很特别,超级大,可以长到一公尺宽、七公斤重,有像腐肉一样难闻的味道,以吸引蝇类传播花粉。
它是一种寄生植物,因此不靠太阳获取能量,而是靠它的宿主,在开花前,一直长在宿主里,但是开花开在外边。
接着教授提到生长于东南亚的另一种植物Mitrastema。
这种植物也是一种寄生植物,因此有些人认为它和Rafflesia隶属于同一目。
Mitrastema的花小,而且味道也不难闻,所以有人反对它和Rafflesia有关系。
实际上,Mitrastema和蓝莓才是近亲。
由于没有植物的特征和Rafflesia的主要特征完全相同,因此使Rafflesia的归类相当困难。
教授说,为何不用植物DNA鉴识?
因为这种大花基本不进行光合作用,没法提取一般植物能提取到的DNA。
后来分析了很多种植物后,终于确认了Rafflesia的order。
而令人感到意外的是,其他同一个order的植物包括passionflower,violet,willow等等。
这些植物闻起来都没有腐肉的臭味,而且也不是寄生植物,因此Rafflesia并不能依它的外在特征分类。
后来又讲了这种花很有可能灭绝,因为生长环境受到破坏,更重要的原因是这种植物繁殖不易。
首先,它需要一年成长;又要同种的花在一起,而且要有fly帮忙传粉。
要这些条件同时发生,机率很小。
考题:
问题一:
主旨题
Whatisthelecturemainlyabout
正确答案:
(C)植物的分类困难。
问题二:
细节题
HowdoesastrongodorhelpRafflesia
正确答案:
(D)吸引flies过来,帮助它授粉。
问题三:
细节题
WhydoestheprofessorconsidertheactualclassificationofRafflesiaunexpected
正确答案:
(A)这些植物的特征和大王花不同。
问题四:
细节题
WhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthereproductionofRafflesia
正确答案:
(B)很少见。
问题五:
重听题
Listentopartofthelectureagainandthenanswerthequestion.
Itactuallygrowsinsideitshost,whichisatypeofgrapevine.Imean...itgrowsinsideitshostuntilitblooms-itdoesn'tbloominsidethehost.
Whatdoestheprofessorsaythis:
"...Imean...itgrowsinsideitshostuntilitblooms-itdoesn'tbloominsidethehost...."
正确答案:
(B)解释清楚,避免学生被误导。
问题六:
重听题
Listentopartofthelectureagainandthenanswerthequestion.
Butasitturnsout,Mitrastemaisactuallyrelatedtoblueberries.So,evenplantsthatshareanunusualcharacteristicwithRafflesiaarenotrelatedtoit.And,um...noplantsharesallthreeofitsunusualcharacteristics,andthatmadeclassifyingRafflesiavery,verydifficult.
Whatdoestheprofessorimplywhenshesaysthis:
"Butasitturnsout,MitrastemaButasitturnsout,Mitrastemaisactuallyrelatedtoblueberries."
正确答案:
(C)Rafflesia和Mitrastema隶属不同目。
RagtimeMusic
Nowlistentopartofalectureinamusichistoryclass.
P:
Oftentimeswetalkaboutthepopularityofmusic,butwedon'talwaysthinkabouttherolethattheinstrumentsplayintheirpopularity.TogiveyouanideaofwhatImean,justtakeRagtimemusicforinstance.Withoutthepiano,Ragtimemusiccertainlywouldn'thaveevolvedinthelate1800'sthewaythatitdid.Imean...characteristicslikethekeys,andthechords,madethepianosuitableforplayingtheseparatepartsofthemusic:
themelodies,rhythms,harmonies,atthesametime.So,withonehandyoucouldplaythemelody,whileplayingtheharmonywiththeother.Allthewhilemaintainingtherhythm,allcharacteristicofRagtimemusic.Inotherwords,thepianoallowedmusicianstocreatethelivelysoundofRagtimemusicunlikeanyotherinstrumentsoftheirtime.
Andforabout20years,RagtimemusicwasAmerica'smostpopularmusic,particularlythepianorag,althoughsomepeopledidn'texactlyembraceragtime,youngpeopleingeneralespeciallylikedit.
S:
KindoflikeRockandRollinthe'50s?
P:
Withoutadoubt.ImeanofcourseRagtimein1900didn'tsoundatalllikeRockandRolldidin1950,butI'dsaythat'safaircomparison.RagtimegeneratedthesamekindofexcitementthatotherkindsofmusiclikeRockandeventuallyRapdid.
S:
Really?
Well,withRockandRap,Igetwhytheyarepopular,butwhenitcomestoRagtime,well...Idon'tgetit.
P:
Ok,letstakeamomenttolookatwhatRagtimemusicwasabout;itwasfreshandnew,itwasthefirstkindofmainstreammusicthatusedAfrican-Americanrhythmsandthatwasexciting,andfinallythemusicandeventhelyricsreflectedtherestlessenergyandoptimismofyoungpeople.CanyouseehowitcouldcapturethespiritofAmericanyouth?
JustlikeRockwoulddo50yearslater?
So,gettingbacktothepiano,ofallinstruments.AsIsaidbefore,itsuniquedesignwaspartoftheappeal,whichwaswellsuitedtothestyleandrhythmofRagtimemusic,buttherewereotherreasonswhyitwassopopular.Remember,thiswasthetimebeforetheadventoftheautomobile.Thepianowasasymbolofrespectability,asymbolofsuccess.Otherthanahouse,ithadrepresented,formanyfamilies,theirbiggestsinglepurchase,andeventhoughnoteveryonecouldaffordit,everyonewantedtoenjoy.So,whereveryouwouldgo,restaurants,theaters,themaininstrumentusedforindoorpublicmusicalentertainment,wasthepiano.Butlet'snotleaveoutthesoundquality.
Fewpeoplerealizehowpowerfulthepianosusedatthattimewere,theyusedthebigtypesofpianosthen,beforethesmallerpianoslikeSpinetscameintofashion.TheRagtime-erapianoscouldproduceasoundthatwassofull,itwouldevenresonatethroughthewoodenfloorsofanybuilding,beitahome,concerthallorwhatever!
Thisfullsounditselfhadthelistenersactuallyfeelingtheseuniqueandexcitingpianovibrationsthoughtheirfeetandbones.
S:
Wow!
Ineverthoughtofthat.So...they...thepianoandtheragtimestylewereperfectforeachother.
P:
Well...inasense...yes.Butgranted,althoughthepiano'ssoundqualitywasexceptional,therewerebenefitstousingotherinstrumentstoplayragtime.Forinstance,eventslikeparades,andparkconcerts,requiredinstrumentsthatwereeasiertotransport,likethebanjoandthecomet.Nevertheless,thepianoplayedsuchafundamentalroleinRagtime.Infact,itssoundqualityalonecontributedtopianosalespeakingin1909—roughlythemid-pointoftheRagtime-era.It'snocoincidencethatthenumberofpublishedpianorags,orsheetmusic,alsoreachedtheirpeaktheirverysameyear.
S:
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