美国文学the-American-Romanticism-1.ppt
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美国文学the-American-Romanticism-1.ppt
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AmericanLiterature,TheAmericanRomanticism(I),LectureThree,I.WhatisRomanticism,Simplyspeaking,Romanticismisaliterarymovementwhichflourishedasaculturalforcethroughoutthe19thCanditcanbedividedintotheearlyperiodandthelateperiod.Alsoitremainspowerfulincontemporaryliteratureandart.Romanticism,atermthatisassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,iscontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.Aromanticattitudemaybedetectedinliteratureofanyperiod,butasanhistorical,movementitaroseinthe18thand19thcenturies,inreactiontomorerationalliterary,philosophic,artistic,religious,andeconomicstandards.ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.wasTranscendentalism.TherepresentativesoftheearlyperiodincludesWashingtonIrvingandJamesFenimoreCooper,andthoseofthelateperiodcontainRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WaltWhitman,Dickinson,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllanPoe.,A.WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),Hisfame,“FatherofAmericanImaginativeliterature”“FatheroftheAmericanshortstory”,HisWorks,AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynastybyDiedrichKnickerbocker,纽约外史,TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent,“RipVanWinkle”“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”,见闻札记,睡谷的传说,瑞普凡温克尔,c)BracebridgeHall1822d)OliverGoldsmith1840e)LifeofGeorgeWashington1855-1859,布雷斯布里奇庄园,哥尔德斯密斯,华盛顿传,TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrvingsTheSketchBook,ACOLLECTIONOFESSAYS,SKETCHES,ANDTALES.ItalsomarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticism.,B.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851),InhislifeCooperwroteoverthirtynovelswhichcanbedividedintofrontiernovels,detectivenovelsandreferencenovels.HeconsideredThePathfinder探路人(1840)andTheDeerslayer杀鹿者(1841)hisbestworks.TheunifyingthreadofthefivenovelscollectivelyknownastheLeather-StockingTales皮裹腿故事集isthelifeofNattyBumppo,Coopersfinestachievement.TheyconstituteavastproseepicwiththeNorthAmericancontinentassetting,IndiantribesasCharacters,andgreatwarsandwestwardmigrationassocialbackground.ThenovelsbringtolifefrontierAmericafrom1740to1804.ThePioneers拓荒者(1823):
NattyBumppofirstappearsasaseasonedscoutinadvancingyears,withthedyingChingachgook,theoldIndianchiefandhisfaithfulcomrade,astheeasternforestfrontierbeginstodisappearandChingachgookdies.,HisMajorWorks,TheLastoftheMohicans最后的莫希干人(1826):
AnadventureoftheFrenchandIndianWarsintheLakeGeorgecounty.ThePrairie大草原(1827):
SetinthenewfrontierwheretheLeatherstockingdies.ThePathfinder(1840):
ContinuingthesameborderwarfareintheSt.LawrenceandLakeOntariocounty.TheDeerslayer(1841):
EarlyadventureswiththehostileHuronsonLakeOtsego,NY.,RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882),Itisa19th-centurymovementofwritersandphilosophersinNewEnglandwhowerelooselyboundtogetherbyadherencetoanidealisticsystemofthought.Theoverallmovementsharedsimilarphilosophies.ThesephilosophiesrestedontheLockianconceptofIdealismandKantsbeliefinintuition.Emersondefineditas“idealism”simply.Inrealityitwasfarmorecomplexcollectionofbeliefs:
thatthesparkofdivinitylieswithinman;thateverythingintheworldisamicrocosmofexistence;thattheindividualsoulisidenticaltotheworldsoul,orOver-Soul.Bymeditation,bycommuningwithnature,throughworkandart,mancouldtranscendhissensesandattainanunderstandingofbeautyandgoodnessandtruth.,Transcendentalism,Inapplication,Americantranscendentalismurgedareforminsociety,andthatsuchareformmaybereachedifindividualsresistcustomsandsocialcodes,andrelyratheronreasontolearnwhatisright.Ultimately,transcendentalistsbelievedthatoneshouldtranscendsocietyscodeofethicsandrelyonpersonalintuitioninordertoreachabsolutegoodness,orAbsoluteTruth.ItwasindebtedtothedualheritageofAmericanPuritanism.Thatistosay,itwasinactualityromanticismonthepuritansoil.,Hisphilosophy:
Stronglyhefelttheneedforanewnationalvision.HefirmlybelievesintheOversoul超灵andthoughtthattheuniversewascomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Onecouldfindredemption赎回,补救,兑现onlyinonesownsoul.Theindividual,notthecrowd,isthemostimportantofall.Thatmeanstosayheadvocatestheinfinitude无限ofprivateman(transcendentalindividualism).Tohiseyes,thephysicalworldwasvitalistic生机论的andevolutionary.Natureisthesymbolofspirit.HisMasterpiece:
Nature,Evaluationtohim:
HewasthefirstAmericantocallforanindependentcultureinbothNatureandTheAmericanScholar.(AmericasDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence).HecalledonAmericanwriterstowriteaboutAmericainawaypeculiarlyAmerican.Emersonsaestheticsplacesemphasisonideas,symbol,andimaginativewords,whichbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingeneralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular.Heembodied表现,象征anewnationsdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformative形成的,发展的period.Inmoderntimesheissometimesdismissed自心中摈除,不再考虑/谈论ashavingnosenseofevil,andhisoptimisticphilosophyassomuchTranscendentalistfolly愚蠢的行为,思想,做法.,HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862),HewasoneofthethreegreatAmericanauthorsofthe19thcenturywhohadnocontemporaryreadersandyetbecamegreatinthe20thcentury,theothertwobeingHermanMelvilleandEmilyDickinson.Hismasterpiece“Walden”holdsthatthemostimportantthingformentodoistobeself-sufficientandstrivetoachievepersonalspiritualperfection.Hehasbeenregardedasaprophet先知ofindividualisminAmericanliterature.,Waldencanbereadonmorethanonelevel.Itisabookofessaysputtogether,exploringsubjectsconcernedwithNature,withthemeaningoflife,andwithmorality.Threauhadthreepurposesinwritingthisbook:
tomakethereadersevaluatethewayhelivedandthought,torevealthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryoneslife,andtocondemntheweaknessanderrorsofsociety,suchasthepursuitofmaterialthings.,3)Hewasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.Hethoughtmoderncivilizedlifehasdehumanizedmanandplacedhiminaspiritualquandary窘困;bytryingtoamass积累materialpossessions,manisnotreallyliving,butisdigginghisowngrave.Civilizedmanistheslaveofmatter.Spiritualrichnessisrealwealth.,II.ThePoetsWaltWhitmanEmilyDickinson,WaltWhitman(1819-1892),HewasacatalogofAmericanandEuropeanthoughtandwassusceptible易受影响的tomanyinfluences,suchas,theEnlightenmentanditsidealsoftherightsanddignityoftheindividual,Transcendentalism,Germanphilosophy,science,pantheism泛神论,theideaofprogress,andcurrentAmericanlifewithitswesternfrontierspirit.Hismasterpiece“LeavesofGrass”(thecollectionofover400poems)Abouthispoem:
1)HeseemedtokeephiseyesonsocietyatlargecomparedwithDickinson.,2)Inhispoemsheextols赞扬theidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignity,theself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.3)Thematically主题heextolledanemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness.4)Intechnicalterms,headdedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameter抑扬格五音部andexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore.,哦船长,我的船长!
哦船长,我的船长!
我们险恶的航程已经告终,我们的船安渡过惊涛骇浪,我们寻求的奖赏已赢得手中。
港口已经不远,钟声我已听见,万千人众在欢呼呐喊,目迎着我们的船从容返航,我们的船威严而且勇敢。
可是,心啊!
心啊!
心啊!
哦殷红的血滴流泻,在甲板上,那里躺着我的船长,他已倒下,已死去,已冷却。
哦,船长,我的船长!
起来吧,请听听这钟声,起来,旌旗,为你招展号角,为你长鸣。
为你岸上挤满了人群为你,无数花束、彩带、花环。
为你,熙攘的群众在呼唤,转动着多少殷切的脸。
这里,船长!
亲爱的父亲!
你头颅下边是我的手臂!
这是甲板上的一场梦啊,你已倒下,已死去,已冷却。
我们的船长不作回答,他的双唇惨白、寂静,我的父亲不能感觉我的手臂,他已没有脉搏、没有生命,我们的船已安全抛锚碇泊,航行已完成,已告终,胜利的船从险恶的旅途归来,我们寻求的已赢得手中。
欢呼,哦,海岸!
轰鸣,哦,洪钟!
可是,我却轻移悲伤的步履,在甲板上,那里躺着我的船长,他已倒下,已死去,已冷却。
EmilyDickinson(1830-1886),DifferencesbetweenWhitmanandDickinson,Incontents:
Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.Whitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.Informs:
Whitmanusesendless,all-inclusivecatalogs;Dickinsonusesconcise,direct,andsimpledictionandsyntax.,Shewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonlysevenappearedinprintinherlifetime.Afterherdeathherpoemswerediscoveredaccidentallybyhersisterandwerepublishedintermittently间歇的(ofandon).In1950HarvardUniversityboughtallhercopyright,andfiveyearslaterthecompleteworksofthepoet,includingthreevolumesofpoemsandthreevolumesofletters,waspublished.Shewasrediscoveredafterherdeath.NowshebecomesasfamousasWhitman.,Style,Representingapersonalvisionorinsight,thelyricpoemoftenexpressesamoodorfeeling.Usuallywritteninthefirstperson,thepoemreflectsaspecificpointofview,butthe“I”speakerorpersonaofthepoemisnotnecessarilythepoet.Dickinsonwasconsciousofthemusicalelementassociatedwiththelyricandhadastrongmusicalsense.,Herfrequentuseofthedashforcesreaderstoengageintheprocessofassociation,of“fillingintheblanks”tobegintounderstandtheideabehindthepoemortounderstandtheimpliedcomparisoninametaphor.Shefollowedherownpatternofcapitalization,attimesusingitforemphasis.Allofthesetechniquesanticipatethecontinuinginnovationsinpoetrythatoccurthroughoutthe20thcentury.,Themes,Generally,thethemesofDickinsonspoemscouldbedividedinto:
loveandpassion;loss,defeatandpain;creativityandtheimagination;andnatureanddeathasthemostimportant.,Nature,Dickinson,likeThoreau,studiedthenaturalworld,seeingbeautyinitscommonfeaturesandtruthinitsfunctions.Herpoemsrevealherhabitofcloseobservationandherwide-rangingknowledgethatencompassesnotonlythefamiliarlandscape,butbirdandanimalbehavior,thecycleofthes
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